Chapter 9 and 10

Question 1

What is language?

Answer 1

A shared symbolic system for communication

Language includes letters, written and spoken symbols that represent the referent of the word.

Question 2

What comprises the mental lexicon?

Answer 2

Words of language

Question 3

What is grammar?

Answer 3

Rules that dictate the legal combination of the units of language

Question 4

What are the properties of language?

Answer 4

• Symbolic: use of sounds, signs, gestures
• Structure
• Generativity
• Displacement

Question 5

Define generativity in language.

Answer 5

Symbols can be combined to generate an infinite number of messages that can have novel meaning

Question 6

What does displacement in language refer to?

Answer 6

The ability to symbolically represent and communicate about past, future, imaginary events, and objects

Question 7

What is surface structure?

Answer 7

The symbols that are used and their order, related to syntax

Question 8

What is deep structure?

Answer 8

The underlying meaning of the combined symbols, related to semantics

Question 9

Provide an example of different surface structures with the same deep structure.

Answer 9

• Sam ate the cake
• The cake was eaten by Sam

Question 10

What is pragmatics in language?

Answer 10

Knowledge of the practical aspects of using language and the social context surrounding it

Question 11

True or False: The pragmatics of a situation can change the meaning of a statement.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

What are garden path sentences?

Answer 12

Sentences that lead to a misinterpretation until enough information is provided

Question 13

Define sensitive period.

Answer 13

A time in development when a person is more responsive to certain stimuli and quicker to learn a particular skill

Question 14

Define critical period.

Answer 14

A time in development during which if a particular skill is not learned, the ability to learn it is severely diminished or lost

Question 15

What does the Whorfian Hypothesis state?

Answer 15

The language you know shapes the way you think about events in the world around you

Question 16

What is propositional thought?

Answer 16

Thinking that expresses a proposition or a statement

Question 17

What is imaginal thought?

Answer 17

Images that we can see, hear, or feel in our mind

Question 18

What is motoric thought?

Answer 18

Mental representation of motor movements

Question 19

What is means-end analysis?

Answer 19

Identifying differences between current state and goal state

Question 20

Define negative set in problem-solving.

Answer 20

Tendency to solve problems in a particular way, even when a different approach might be more productive

Question 21

What is lateral thinking?

Answer 21

Creative problem-solving that involves looking at the problem from different angles

Question 22

What is the availability heuristic?

Answer 22

Making judgments based on the information that is readily available

Question 23

Fill in the blank: The _______ effect is when the way information is presented influences decision making.

Answer 23

framing

Question 24

What is deductive reasoning?

Answer 24

Top-down reasoning from general principles to specific cases

Question 25

What is inductive reasoning?

Answer 25

Bottom-up reasoning from specific facts to general principles

Question 26

What is confirmation bias?

Answer 26

Tendency to look for evidence that confirms a conclusion and not for evidence that could disconfirm beliefs

Question 27

What is intelligence?

Answer 27

The ability to acquire knowledge, think and reason effectively, and deal adaptively with the environment

Question 28

What did Sir Francis Galton believe about mental ability?

Answer 28

That it is inherited and that the upper class was intellectually superior due to genetics

Question 29

What is the concept of Mental Age?

Answer 29

A measure developed by Alfred Binet to assess mental ability in relation to age

Question 30

What is the formula for calculating IQ according to William Stern?

Answer 30

Mental age / chronological age X 100

Question 31

What are the two types of intelligence proposed by Cattell and Horn?

Answer 31

* Crystalized intelligence * Fluid intelligence

Question 32

Define crystalized intelligence.

Answer 32

Ability to apply previously learned knowledge to current problems. Peak in middle adulthood and then decline

Question 33

Define fluid intelligence.

Answer 33

Ability to deal with novel problem-solving situations without previous knowledge. Begins to decline in early adulthood

Question 34

List the 8 Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences?

Answer 34

* Linguistic intelligence * Logical-mathematical intelligence * Visuospatial intelligence * Musical intelligence * Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence * Interpersonal intelligence * Intrapersonal intelligence * Naturalistic intelligence

Question 35

What are the four branches of emotional intelligence?

Answer 35

* Perceiving emotions * Using emotions to facilitate thought * Understanding emotions * Managing emotions

Question 36

What is emotional intelligence?

Answer 36

Ability to read others' emotions accurately, respond appropriately, motivate oneself, and regulate one's own emotional responses

Question 37

in problem solving techniques what is initial state?

Answer 37

conditions at beginning of problem

Question 38

in problem solving techniques what is gaols state?

Answer 38

condition at the end of the problem

Question 39

in problem solving what is intermediate states?

Answer 39

the various conditions that exist along pathways between the initial and the goal state

Question 40

in problem solving what are operators?

Answer 40

permissible moves

Question 41

what is divergent thinking?

Answer 41

generation of novel ideas

Question 42

what is creativity?

Answer 42

ability to produce something new and valuable

Question 43

what is functional fixedness?

Answer 43

fixed in perception blinded to alternative functions, interpretations

Question 44

what is heuristics?

Answer 44

general strategies, or rules of thumb, that can be applied to various problems

Question 45

what is the representative Heuristic?

Answer 45

- a strategy used to make predictions based on experience - allows us to extrapolate information we have experienced to make predictions about the current siituation

Question 46

what are the two factors of theory of intelligence?

Answer 46

G factor: general intelligence factor that varies across individuals but remains stable for any one individual S factor: specific intelligence factor that varies across individuals and abilities

Question 47

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence three specific components

Answer 47

- meta components - performance components - knowledge-acquisition components

Question 48

what are meta-components?

Answer 48

- plan, regulate task performance - problem-solving skills

Question 49

what are performance components?

Answer 49

- mental processes used to perform tasks - processing, recall, motor behaviours

Question 50

what is knowledge acquisition components?

Answer 50

- learn, store information, insights