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Psychology Sem 2 > chapter 13 > Flashcards

chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mere exposure effect?

A

Repeated exposure enhances attraction

Zajonc (1968-1970) found that familiarity can increase liking, provided the initial reaction is neutral or mildly positive.

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2
Q

What happens if the initial reaction to a stimulus is negative?

A

Repeated exposure results in decreased liking

Familiarity does not always lead to preference if the initial impression is unfavorable.

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3
Q

What percentage of brides and grooms lived within 20 blocks before marriage according to Bossard (1932)?

A

50%

This statistic highlights the importance of propinquity in attraction.

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4
Q

What is propinquity?

A

Physical proximity increases the chance that two people will come into contact

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5
Q

What features do heterosexual men prefer in women?

A

Baby-faced features

This preference indicates a tendency towards youthful traits.

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6
Q

What features do heterosexual women prefer in men?

A

Mature, dominant faces

These preferences suggest a desire for traits associated with maturity and strength.

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7
Q

What is the halo effect?

A

Attractive people are seen as having other positive attributes

This perception is not limited to physical appearance (Garwood, 1980).

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8
Q

What do women prefer in men beyond physical attractiveness?

A

Sense of humor, older, altruistic traits

Preferences can vary greatly among individuals but these traits are often highlighted.

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9
Q

Triangular theory of love:

A

the view that various types of love result from different combinations of three core factors: intimacy, commitment, and passion.

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10
Q

what is personal attribution?

A

peoples behaviour caused by their characteristics (internal traits) eg. personality and intentions

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11
Q

what is situational attribution?

A

behaviour caused by external factors eg. environment, luck

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12
Q

what is the fundamental attribution error?

A

overestimating personal factors in others behaviour (theyre lazy vs they had no time)

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13
Q

what is the self serving bias

A

make personal attributions for success and situational attributions for failure

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14
Q

Theory of planned behaviour

A

we act based on intention: attitude, subjective norms(what we think others expect), percieved control (how capable we feel).

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15
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

when beliefs and actions don’t match. leads to tension. changing attitude or behaviour, rationalizing the inconsistency

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16
Q

self perception theory

A

learn about our attitudes by observing ourselves

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17
Q

Social facilitation

A

an increased tendency to perform one’s dominant response in the mere presence of others

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18
Q

what are social norms

A

shared expectations about how people should think, feel, behave

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19
Q

what are social roles

A

expected behaviour based on social position

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20
Q

What is media violence?

A

The portrayal of violent acts in media such as television, movies, and video games

Media violence can influence viewers’ perceptions and behaviors.

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21
Q

Define social influence.

A

The effect that the presence or actions of others have on an individual’s thoughts, feelings, or behaviors

Social influence can take many forms, including conformity and obedience.

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22
Q

What is conformity?

A

Change in attitude, behavior, or belief brought about by real or imagined pressure from others

Conformity can lead to both private acceptance and compliance.

23
Q

List the two outcomes of conformity.

A
  • Private acceptance
  • Compliance
24
Q

What are the two outcomes of non-conformity?

A
  • Independence
  • Anti-conformity
25
What is private acceptance?
Genuinely believing and internalizing the group's perspective or behavior ## Footnote This is considered a positive outcome of conformity.
26
What does compliance refer to in the context of conformity?
Agreeing to group norms without necessarily believing in them ## Footnote Compliance is often a result of normative social influence.
27
Define response disinhibition.
When a model performs a desired but prohibited act, leading observers to engage in similar behavior ## Footnote An example is crossing on a 'don't walk' sign.
28
What is response facilitation?
When a model performs legal behavior, prompting observers to imitate that behavior ## Footnote Examples include yawning and head nodding.
29
Differentiate between informational and normative social influence.
* Informational: Group provides information used for rational decisions, leading to private acceptance * Normative: Pressure to maintain group consensus, resulting in compliance
30
What was the primary finding of Asch's conformity studies?
Individuals often conform to group pressure, even when they know the group is wrong ## Footnote This highlights the power of normative social influence.
31
Describe the 'teacher-learner' paradigm used in Milgram's studies.
A subject (teacher) administers shocks to a learner for mistakes under the prodding of an experimenter ## Footnote This study examined obedience to authority.
32
List factors influencing obedience in Milgram's studies.
* Status of the authority figure * Proximity of the authority figure * Proximity of the learner (victim) * Personal responsibility
33
What does research suggest about the relationship between TV violence and aggression?
* Does TV violence cause aggression? - Maybe * Does TV violence influence aggression? - Definitely
34
What is the significance of Bandura's (1971) study with the inflatable clown doll?
Children copied aggressive acts demonstrated by adults, indicating social learning ## Footnote This highlights how observational learning can lead to the acquisition of new behaviors.
35
What is desensitization in the context of media violence?
The reduced emotional response to violence after repeated exposure ## Footnote This can lead to an increased tolerance for violent behavior.
36
what is the norm of reciprocity?
if others treat us well, we shoud treat them well.
37
what is door-in-the-face technique
make a big request first, then ask the real smaller one
38
what is the foot-in-the-door technique
get a small compliance first and then ask for a bigger one
39
what is lowballing
give a low price and increase it afterward with 'extra fees'
40
what is deindividuation?
loss of self awarness in large groups. leads to impulsive or anti social behaviour
41
what is social loafing?
people put in less effort when working in groups
42
what is groupthink
when a group values agreement over critical thinking
43
what is group polarization
when a group of like-minded people reinforce each other's opinions in discussion, leading to extreme attitudes
44
what are the 4 factors of attraction?
proximity, mere exposure, similarity of attitudes, physical attarctiveness
45
what is the socal exchange theory?
we stay in relationships when the rewards feel greater than the costs
46
what is prejudice?
negative attitude toward a group
47
what is discrimination
acting unfairly toward a group
48
what are stereotypes
simplified beliefs about a group
49
in-group favouritism
favouring our group and giving us positive traits
50
out group derogation
seeing others as 'all the same' and giving them negative traits
51
realistic conflict theory
groups compete over resources--> hostility towards minority
52
social identity theory:
we boost self esteem by putting other groups down
53
self-fulfilling prophecy
when you have expectations of someone so you treat them differentlt and they match that expectation
54
equal status contact
prejudice reduces when groups have close contact, equal status, work toward a shared goal, and are supported by broader social norms

Psychology Sem 2 (9 decks)

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