chapter 12

Question 1

What does the James-Lange theory of emotion propose?

Answer 1

The body informs the mind; physiological reactions determine emotions

We recognize emotions like fear or love through our bodily reactions.

Question 2

What is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

Answer 2

Thalamus sends sensory information to the cerebral cortex AND body’s internal organs simultaneously

This theory suggests that emotional experiences occur alongside physiological responses.

Question 3

What does developmental psychology examine?

Answer 3

Changes in biological, physical, psychological, and behavioral processes throughout a lifetime

It focuses on how individuals grow and change from infancy to adulthood.

Question 4

What are the four guiding issues of developmental research?

Answer 4

• Nature vs nurture
• Critical and sensitive periods
• Continuity vs discontinuity
• Stability vs change

These issues help frame research questions in developmental psychology.

Question 5

What is the nature vs nurture debate?

Answer 5

The extent to which development is influenced by heredity (nature) or environment (nurture)

This debate examines how both factors interact in shaping an individual.

Question 6

What is a critical period in development?

Answer 6

An age range in which certain experiences must occur for normal development

Missing these experiences can lead to developmental issues.

Question 7

What is a sensitive period?

Answer 7

An optimal age range for certain experiences that allows for normal development even if missed

It suggests flexibility in learning and development timing.

Question 8

What does continuity vs discontinuity refer to in development?

Answer 8

Whether development is gradual and continuous or occurs in distinct stages

For example, walking is seen as a discontinuous change.

Question 9

What does stability vs change examine in development?

Answer 9

Whether characteristics remain consistent or change as we age

This question addresses the permanence of personality traits and behaviors.

Question 10

What is Piaget’s stage model of cognitive development?

Answer 10

The brain builds schemas to achieve understanding through assimilation and accommodation

Schemas are mental frameworks that help organize and interpret information.

Question 11

What is assimilation in Piaget’s theory?

Answer 11

Incorporating new experiences into existing schemas

It helps individuals make sense of new information using what they already know.

Question 12

What is accommodation in Piaget’s theory?

Answer 12

New experiences cause existing schemas to change

This process allows for adaptation to new information that doesn’t fit existing frameworks.

Question 13

What are the four stages of Piaget’s cognitive development?

Answer 13

• Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years)
• Preoperational stage (ages 2-7)
• Concrete operational stage (ages 7-12)
• Formal operational stage (ages 11-12 and up)

Each stage represents a different way of thinking and understanding the world.

Question 14

What characterizes the sensorimotor stage?

Answer 14

• Understanding the world through sensory experiences and physical interactions with objects
• acquire language
• object permanence

Object permanence develops around 8 months.

Question 15

What characterizes the preoperational stage?

Answer 15

• world is represented symbolically through words and mental images
• Symbolic thinking enables pretend play
• child does not understand conservation (of liquid/numbers…)

Egocentrism and irreversibility are common traits in this stage.

Question 16

What happens in the concrete operational stage?

Answer 16

• easily perform basic mental operations and conservation questions
• have difficulty with problems that require abstract reasoning

Children can solve conservation problems but struggle with abstract reasoning.

Question 17

What is a characteristic of the formal operational stage?

Answer 17

Ability to think logically about concrete and abstract problems

This stage allows for hypothesis testing and advanced reasoning.

Question 18

What are some criticisms of Piaget’s theory?

Answer 18

• Cognitive abilities develop in the same order across cultures
• Children acquire skills earlier than Piaget believed
• Development within stages is inconsistent
• Cultural influences are not taken into account

These points suggest limitations in Piaget’s observations and conclusions.

Question 19

What does Vygotsky emphasize in cognitive development?

Answer 19

The importance of social interaction

He introduced concepts like the zone of proximal development, highlighting collaborative learning.

Question 20

What is the zone of proximal development?

Answer 20

The difference between what a child can do independently and with assistance

This concept illustrates the potential for cognitive development through social support.

Question 21

What is the development of the self?

Answer 21

The realization of having a physical body and gaining a physical sense of self

This awareness is often tested through tasks like the shopping cart test.

Question 22

What is theory of mind?

Answer 22

Beliefs about how the mind works and understanding what others are thinking

It develops around ages 3 to 4, with lying and deception indicating its presence.

Question 23

what is attachment?

Answer 23

the strong emotional bond that develops between children and their primary caregivers

Question 24

what is imprinting?

Answer 24

sudden biological primed form of attachment. Ducklings following a human as soon as they hatch

Question 25

what was sigmund frueds theory about attachment?

Answer 25

Attachment to mom is side-effect of her ability to provide basic satisfaction

Question 26

what is contact comfort?

Answer 26

suggests that touch is very important for proper development and it is not all about the basic need of food

Question 27

what was the strange situation experiment?

Answer 27

places child under stress. child and mother play together, stranger enters and interacts w baby, mom leaves and stranger comforts baby, mother comes back

Question 28

what do the securely attached babies do?

Answer 28

play with mom, distress when mom leaves, very happy when mom returns

Question 29

what are the two types of insecurly attached

Answer 29

anxious resistant anxious avoidant

Question 30

what does an anxious resistant baby do?

Answer 30

fearful whenmom is present, demand her attention, highly distressed when she leaves. not happy when she returns

Question 31

what does an anxious avoidant baby do?

Answer 31

cry when mom leaves and dont seek contact when she returns

Question 32

According to Freud what are the 5 psychosexual stages

Answer 32

1. oral (1st year of life) 2. anal (2nd year) 3. phallic (3-5) 4. Latency (5-13) 5. Genital (13+)

Question 33

what is the oral stage?

Answer 33

everytthing important to the child comes to you in the mouth. Must learn that there are other ways of satisfaction.

Question 34

what is the anal stage?

Answer 34

learning to use the toilet

Question 35

what is the phallic stage?

Answer 35

source of satisfaction shifts to something else

Question 36

what is the latency stage?

Answer 36

social interactions

Question 37

what is the genital stage?

Answer 37

learn to have proper sexual relationships

Question 38

what was Erik Eriksons theory

Answer 38

personality develops through confronting a series of 8 major psychosocial stages

Question 39

what are the four crises that occur in infancy and childhood (Erik Erikson)

Answer 39

basic trust vs mistrust autonomy vs shame and doubt initiative vs guilt industry vs inferiority

Question 40

what is autonomy vs shame and doubt?

Answer 40

- if parents restrict chidlren or make harsh demands during toilet training--> develop sjame and doubt and lack independence

Question 41

what is initiative vs guilt?

Answer 41

if chidren are allowed freedom--> develop sense of initiative if chilren are held back --> develop guilt and supress curiosity

Question 42

industry vs inferiority

Answer 42

children who experience pride and encouragement-->develop industry (strive to achieve) repeated failure and lack of praise--> inferiority

Question 43

What are the 4 styles of parenting that affect child development?

Answer 43

Authoritative Authoritarian Indulgent Neglectful

Question 44

What are authoritative parents?

Answer 44

caregivers who are controlling but warm. clear rules established. supportive.

Question 45

what are authoritarian parents?

Answer 45

caregivers who exert control over their children but do so within a cold or rejecting relationship

Question 46

what are indulgent parents?

Answer 46

caregivers who are warm and caring but no guidance or discipline

Question 47

What are neglectful parents

Answer 47

caregivers who provide neither warmth nor rules nor guidance

Question 48

What are the four identity statuses

Answer 48

identity diffusion foreclosure moratorium identity achievement

Question 49

What is identity diffusion?

Answer 49

people who had not yet gone through an identity crisis and were not committed to a set of values

Question 50

what is foreclosure?

Answer 50

people who have not yet gone through an identity crisis because they have committed to an identity and set of values

Question 51

what is moratorium?

Answer 51

people who were currently experiencing a crisis and have not resolved it

Question 52

what is identity achievement?

Answer 52

people who have gone through an identity crisis and successfully resolved it

Question 53

at what age does theory of mind develop?

Answer 53

age 3-4

Question 54

what is identity vs identity confusion

Answer 54

succesful: positive identity Unsuccessful: confusion, negative identity

Question 55

what is integrity vs despair

Answer 55

looking back at life for a sense of completeness

Question 56

What are the 4 research designs?

Answer 56

Cohort: group born at same time Cross-sectional: compare different ages at the same time Longitudinal: test the same cohort at different times sequential: test several cohorts as they age

Question 57

what are the three stages of prenatal development?

Answer 57

germinal (first 2 weeks- zygote attaches to uterine wall) Embryonic (2nd-8th week- placenta and umbilical cord develop) Fetal (begins at 9th week - 28 week = age of viability

Question 58

When do the eyes and brain start forming and the heart start beating

Answer 58

8 weeks

Question 59

what are the 4 newborn learnings

Answer 59

habituation discriminate different speech sounds acquire classically conditioned responses Simple observational learning

Question 60

sound localization

Answer 60

U-shaped function, disappears at 4 months, reappears at 6 months

Question 61

cephalocaudal principle

Answer 61

development from head to foot

Question 62

proximodistal principle

Answer 62

development from innermost to outermost. Start at the core and move outwards.

Question 63

Brain development

Answer 63

at birth: 25% of adult weight 6 months: 50% Cells become larger neural networks form

Question 64

how do infants process information?

Answer 64

- development is continual and gradual - not stage like

Question 65

what is post-formal thought

Answer 65

the ability to reason logically about opposing points of view and to accept contradictions and irreconcilable differences