Chapter 11 Flashcards
What is motivation?
A process that influences the direction, persistence, and vigour of goal-directed behaviour.
What are the three components of motivation?
- Direction
- Persistence
- Vigour
Define incentives in the context of motivation.
Stimuli that ‘pull’ an organism toward a goal (e.g., good grades, food).
What is extrinsic motivation?
Performing an activity to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment.
What is intrinsic motivation?
Performing an activity for its own sake.
What does expectancy theory explain?
Behavior is determined by the strength of expectation that behavior will lead to a goal and the incentive value that a person places on that goal.
What is the formula for motivation according to expectancy theory?
Motivation = expectancy x incentive value.
List the three fundamental psychological needs in self-determination theory.
- Competence
- Autonomy
- Relatedness
What does competence refer to in self-determination theory?
The human need to master new challenges and perfect skills.
What does autonomy mean in the context of self-determination theory?
when people experience their actions as a result of free choice without outside interference
What is relatedness in self-determination theory?
The desire to form meaningful bonds with others.
What is achievement motivation?
The desire to accomplish tasks and attain standards of excellence.
What are the two reasons people strive to succeed, according to McClelland and Atkinson?
- Motive for success (positively oriented)
- Fear of failure (negatively oriented)
What do mastery goals reflect?
Intrinsic motivation.
What characterizes performance approach goals?
Involves social comparisons and the motivation to outperform peers.
What motivates individuals with a high fear of failure?
The fear of performing poorly.
What do projective tests ask?
ask individuals to respond to ambiguous stimuli in ways that may reveal aspects of their personalities
What do psychodynamic views emphasize?
- Unconscious motives affect how we behave.
- Freud emphasized sexual and aggressive motives
What is self-actualization?
The realization of one’s potential, often seen as the peak of personal development.
What regulates hunger according to physiological mechanisms?
Homeostatic mechanisms designed to ensure energy levels do not drop too low.
What does the set point in weight regulation refer to?
A biologically determined standard around which fat mass is regulated.
What are psychological aspects of hunger?
- Positive reinforcement (good taste)
- Negative reinforcement (hunger reduction)
What defines emotions?
Positive and negative feelings consisting of cognitive, physiological, and behavioral reactions to events relevant to goals.
Differentiate between expressive and instrumental behaviors.
- Expressive: Exhibiting feelings (e.g., smiling, crying)
- Instrumental: Actions taken in response to emotions (e.g., studying, running away)
