Chapter 9

Question 1

Racial group

Answer 1

group set apart from others because of obvious physical differences

Question 2

Ethnic group

Answer 2

group set apart from others primarily because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns

Question 3

Minority group

Answer 3

subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power over their own lives

Question 4

Properties of minority groups include

Answer 4

Unequal treatment
Distinguishing physical or cultural characteristics
Involuntary membership
Solidarity
In-group marriage

Question 5

Racial group refers

Answer 5

to minorities who are set apart from others by obvious physical differences

Question 6

Social Construction of Race

Answer 6

Society socially constructs which differences are important

Question 7

Racial formation

Answer 7

sociohistorical process in which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed

Question 8

Ethnic group set apart from others because

Answer 8

of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns

Question 9

Prejudice

Answer 9

negative attitude toward an entire category of people

Question 10

Ethnocentrism

Answer 10

tendency to assume one’s culture and way of life are superior to others

Question 11

Racism

Answer 11

belief that one race is supreme and others are innately inferior

Question 12

Stereotypes

Answer 12

unreliable generalizations about all members of a group that do not recognize individual differences within the group

Question 13

Color-blind racism

Answer 13

use of principle of race neutrality to defend racially unequal status quo

Question 14

Discrimination

Answer 14

denial of opportunities and equal rights to people on an arbitrary basis

Question 15

Glass ceiling

Answer 15

invisible barrier blocking promotion of qualified individuals in work environment because of gender, race, or ethnicity

Question 16

White privilege

Answer 16

rights or immunities granted to people as a benefit or favor simply because they are White

Question 17

Institutional Discrimination

Answer 17

Denial of opportunities and equal rights that results from operations of a society

Question 18

Affirmative action

Answer 18

positive efforts to recruit minority members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities

Question 19

Functionalists

Answer 19

racial prejudice and discrimination positive for dominant groups

Question 20

Conflict theorists

Answer 20

economic structure a central factor in exploitation of minorities

Question 21

Labeling theorists

Answer 21

ways minorities are singled out for differential treatment by law enforcement

Question 22

Interactionists

Answer 22

everyday contact contributes to tolerance or hostility

Question 23

Nash’s three functions that racially prejudiced beliefs provide to the dominant group

Answer 23

Moral justification for maintaining unequal society
Discourage subordinate groups from questioning their status
Suggest that any major social change would bring greater poverty to the minority

Question 24

Rose

Answer 24

dysfunctions associated with racism

Question 25

Exploitation theory

Answer 25

racism keeps minorities in low-paying jobs and supplies dominant group with cheap labor

Question 26

Racial profiling

Answer 26

arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on person’s behavior

Question 27

Contact hypothesis

Answer 27

interracial contact between people of equal status in cooperative circumstances will cause them to become less prejudiced and to abandon old stereotypes

Question 28

Genocide

Answer 28

deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation

Question 29

Expulsion of a people

Answer 29

another extreme means of acting out racial or ethnic prejudice

Question 30

Secession

Answer 30

failure to resolve ethnic or racial conflict results in drawing formal boundaries between the groups

Question 31

Segregation

Answer 31

physical separation of two groups of people in terms of residence, workplace, social events

Question 32

Apartheid

Answer 32

Republic of South Africa severely restricted the movement of Blacks and non-Whites

Question 33

Amalgamation

Answer 33

happens when majority group and minority group combine to form a new group

Question 34

Assimilation

Answer 34

process through which a person forsakes his or her cultural tradition to become part of a different culture

Question 35

Pluralism

Answer 35

based on mutual respect among various groups in a society for one another’s cultures

Question 36

Black power

Answer 36

rejected assimilation into White middle-class society

Question 37

Chinese Americans

Answer 37

Encouraged to immigrate to U.S. from 1850 to 1880

Question 38

Asian Indians

Answer 38

Second largest Asian group

Diverse population

Question 39

Filipino Americans

Answer 39

Classified as Asian but also reflect centuries of Spanish and U.S. colonial rule

Question 40

remittances

Answer 40

Send significant amount of their income back to their extended families

Question 41

Vietnamese Americans

Answer 41

Primarily came to U.S. during and after Vietnam War

Gravitated toward the larger urban areas

Question 42

Korean Americans

Answer 42

Initial wave between 1903 and 1910
Second wave after Korean War in 1953
Third wave started with 1965 Immigration Act

Question 43

Japanese Americans

Answer 43

In August 1943, 113,000 Japanese Americans forced into camps in response to World War II
In 1988, U.S. established $1.25 billion trust fund to pay reparations

Question 44

Issei

Answer 44

first generation of Japanese immigrants

Question 45

Arab Americans

Answer 45

Cannot be characterized as having specific family type, gender role, or occupational pattern
Profiling of potential terrorists has put Arab and Muslim Americans under surveillance

Question 46

Latinos

Answer 46

Largest minority in the U.S. with more than 50 million

Question 47

Census Bureau data

Answer 47

Latino population now outnumbers African American population in 6 of the 10 largest U.S. metropolitan areas

Question 48

Mexican Americans

Answer 48

Accounted for 42 percent of the nation’s population growth in the 2000–2010 decade
Subdivided into those descended from residents of annexed territories after the Mexican-American War and those who have immigrated from Mexico to the U.S.

Question 49

Puerto Ricans

Answer 49

Hold U.S. citizenship
Many migrated to New York and other eastern cities
Experienced serious poverty in the U.S. and on the island
Have not been as successful as Mexican Americans in organizing for their rights

Question 50

Cuban Americans

Answer 50

Immigration began in earnest following Castro’s assumption of power in Cuban revolution (1959)
First wave included many professionals
Recent waves of immigrants less likely to be skilled professionals

Question 51

Central and South Americans

Answer 51

Immigrants from Central and South America a diverse population that has not been closely studied
Follow complex classification system that recognizes multitude of color gradients
Socially, relations defy generalization

Question 52

Jewish Americans

Answer 52

Constitute about 2% of population

Like Japanese, many Jewish immigrants became white-collar professionals despite prejudice, discrimination

Question 53

Anti-Semitism

Answer 53

anti-Jewish prejudice

Jews have not achieved equality in the U.S.

Question 54

Symbolic ethnicity

Answer 54

emphasis on concerns such as ethnic food or political issues rather than deeper ties to one’s ethnic heritage

Question 55

Global Immigration

Answer 55

Worldwide, immigration at all-time high

Each year, about 191 million people move from one country to another

Question 56

Transnationals

Answer 56

immigrants who sustain multiple social relationships that link their societies of origin with their society of settlement