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Sociology 1101 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

social interaction

A

to the ways in which people respond to one another, whether face-to-face or over the telephone or on the computer.

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2
Q

social structure

A

the way society is organized into predictable relationships

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3
Q

reality

A

shaped by perceptions, evaluations, and definitions.

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4
Q

status

A

any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or society.

a person can hold more than one at a time.

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5
Q

ascribed status

A

status one is born with

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6
Q

achieved status

A

status one earns

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7
Q

master status

A

status that dominates other statuses and determines a person’s general position

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8
Q

social role

A

set of expectations for people who occupy a given status

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9
Q

role conflict

A

when incompatible expectations arise from 2 or more social positions held by the same person

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10
Q

role strain

A

difficulties that arise when the same position imposes conflicting demands and expectations

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11
Q

role exit

A

process of disengagement from a role that is cultural to one’s identity to establish a new role

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12
Q

Ebaugh’s four stages

A

doubt
search for alternatives
action or departure stage
creation of a new identity

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13
Q

group

A

any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact on a regular basis

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14
Q

primary group

A

small group with intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation

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15
Q

secondary group

A

formal, impersonal groups with little social intimacy or mutual understanding

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16
Q

in-groups

A

any groups or categories to which people feel they belong

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17
Q

out-groups

A

any groups or categories to which people feel they do not belong

conflict between these groups can turn violent on a personal and as well as a political level

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18
Q

reference group

A

any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating their own behavior

  • set and enforce standards of conduct and belief also perform a comparison function
  • often 2 or more reference groups influence us at the same time
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19
Q

coalitions

A

temporary or permanent alliances geared toward a common goal - some intentionally short-lived
ex.) survivor

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20
Q

social network

A

series of social relationships that links a person directly to others, and through them indirectly to still more people
-social networks are one of the 5 basic elements of social structure.

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21
Q

social institution

A

organized pattern of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs

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22
Q

functionalist perspective

A

5 major tasks: replacing personnel, teaching new recruits, producing and distributing goods and services, preserving order, providing and maintaining a sense of purpose

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23
Q

conflict perspective

A

major institutions help maintain privileges of most powerful individuals and groups within

24
Q

interactionist perspective

A

social institutions affect everyday behavior - social behavior conditioned by roles and statuses we accept

25
Q

formal organization

A

group designed for a special purpose structured for mase efficiency, fulfill an enormous variety of personal and social needs, ascribed statuses can influence how we see ourselves within formal organizations

26
Q

bureaucracy

A

component of formal organization that uses roles and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency

27
Q

ideal type

A

a construct or model for evaluating specific cases, webur emphasized basic similarity of structure and process found in dissimilar enterprises of religion, govt, education and business

28
Q

characteristics of weburs ideal bureaucracy

A

division of labor, hierarchy of authority, written rules and regulations, impersonality, employment based on technical qualifications

29
Q

characteristics of a bureaucracy

A

with a division of labor, specialized experts perform specific tasks, fragmentation of work can remove commerce workers have to the overall objective of the bureaucracy

30
Q

alienation

A

condition of estrangement or dissociation from the surrounding society

31
Q

trained incapacity

A

workers become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems

32
Q

hierarchy authority

A

means each position is under supervision, written rules and regulations ensure uniform performance of every task - provide continuity

33
Q

goal displacement

A

when rules and regulations overshadow larger goals of the organization and become dysfunctional - impersonality is a key characteristic

34
Q

T or F : bureatic norms dictate that officials perform duties without personal consideration of people as individuals

A

True

35
Q

employment-based on technical qualifications

A

ideally, performance measured against specific standards

36
Q

peter principle

A

every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence

37
Q

bureaucratization

A

process by which group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic - can take place within small group settings

38
Q

iron law of oligarchy

A

even a democratic organization eventually develops into a bureaucracy ruled by a few

39
Q

classical theory or scientific management approach

A

workers motivated almost entirely by economic rewards

40
Q

human relations approach

A

role of people, communication, and participation within a bureaucracy emphasized

41
Q

mechanical solidarity

A

collective consciousness that emphasizes group solidarity, implying all individuals perform the same tasks

42
Q

organic solidarity

A

collective consciousness resting on the need society’s members have for one another

43
Q

gemeinschaft

A

small community in which people have similar backgrounds and life experiences

44
Q

gesellschaft

A

large community in which people are strangers and feel little in common with other community residents

45
Q

sociocultural evolution

A

human societies undergo process of change characterized by dominant pattern - level of technology critical

46
Q

technology

A

cultural information about the ways in which the material resources of the environment may be used to satisfy human needs and desires

47
Q

hunting-and-gathering society

A

people rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available

48
Q

Horticultural societies

A

people plant seeds and crops

49
Q

Agrarian societies

A

people are primarily engaged in production of food; more specialized than horticultural society

50
Q

Industrial Societies

A
  • Societies that depend on mechanization to produce goods and services
  • People rely on inventions and energy sources
  • People move away from family as a self-sufficient production unit
51
Q

Postindustrial society

A

economic system engaged primarily in processing and controlling information

52
Q

Postmodern society

A

technologically sophisticated society preoccupied with consumer goods and media images

53
Q

Labor unions

A

consist of organized workers who share either the same skill or the same employer

54
Q

Reasons for ongoing decline in labor union membership

A 
Changes in the type of industry
Growth in part-time jobs
The legal system
Globalization
Employer offensives
55
Q

Marxists and functionalists

A

view union development as logical response to organizational growth

56
Q

Sociologists have linked decline in union membership

A

to widening gap between hourly workers’ wages and managerial and executive compensation

57
Q

U.S. is unique among industrial democracies

A

in allowing employers to oppose union development

Sociology 1101 (8 decks)

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