Chapter 7

Question 1

Deviance

Answer 1

behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society

Question 2

Stigma

Answer 2

labels society uses to devalue members of certain social groups

Question 3

Social control

Answer 3

techniques and strategies employed for preventing deviant human behavior in any society

Question 4

Informal social control

Answer 4

used casually to enforce norms

Question 5

Formal social control

Answer 5

carried out by authorized agents

Question 6

Anomie

Answer 6

loss of direction felt in society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective

Question 7

Anomie theory of deviance five basic forms of adaptation

Answer 7

Conformity
Retreatism
Innovation
Ritualism
Rebellion

Question 8

Cultural transmission

Answer 8

humans learn how to behave in social situations, whether properly or improperly

Question 9

Differential association

Answer 9

process through which exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts leads to the violation of rules

Question 10

social disorganization theory

Answer 10

some say it claims to blame the victim

Question 11

Labeling theory

Answer 11

attempts to explain why some people are viewed as deviants while others are not

Question 12

Societal-reaction approach

Answer 12

another term for labeling theory, designed to remind us that the response to an act, not the behavior, determines deviance

Question 13

Labeling and Agents of Social Control

Answer 13

Focuses on police, probation officers, psychiatrists, judges, teachers, employers, school officials, and other regulators of social control

Question 14

Social constructionist perspective

Answer 14

deviance a product of the culture we live in

Question 15

Differential justice

Answer 15

differences in way social control is exercised over different groups

Question 16

Adler and Chesney-Lind suggest existing approaches to deviance and crime developed with men in mind

Answer 16

Great effort undertaken by feminist organizations to redefine legal definitions of rape
Cultural views and attitudes toward women influence how they are perceived and labeled

Question 17

Social control occurs at all levels of society

Answer 17

Family, peers, school, bureaucracy, government

Question 18

Sanctions

Answer 18

penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm

Question 19

The Milgram Experiment

Answer 19

Experimenter instructed people to administer increasingly painful electric shocks to a subject

Question 20

Conformity

Answer 20

going along with peers who have no special right to direct behavior

Question 21

Obedience

Answer 21

compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure

Question 22

Two-thirds of participants fell into category of “obedient subjects

Answer 22

People in modern industrial world accustomed to submitting to impersonal authority figures

Question 23

Informal social control is used casually to enforce norms

Answer 23

Smiles, laughter, raised eyebrows, ridicule

Question 24

Law

Answer 24

governmental social control

Question 25

Control theory

Answer 25

connection to members of society leads people to systematically conform to society’s norms

Question 26

Crime

Answer 26

violation of criminal law for which governmental authority applies formal penalties

Question 27

Six types differentiated by sociologists

Answer 27

Victimless crimes
Professional crime
Organized crime
White-collar and technology-based crime
Hate crimes
Transnational crime

Question 28

Victimless Crimes

Answer 28

Willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services

Question 29

Professional Crime

Answer 29

person who pursues crime as a day-to-day occupation

Question 30

Organized Crime

Answer 30

Group that regulates relations between various criminal enterprises involved in illegal activities

Question 31

White-collar crime

Answer 31

illegal acts committed in the course of business activities

Question 32

Computer crime

Answer 32

use of high technology to carry out embezzlement or electronic fraud

Question 33

Corporate crime

Answer 33

any act by a corporation that is punishable by the government

Question 34

Hate Crimes

Answer 34

Offender is motivated to choose a victim based on race, religion, ethnic group, national origin, or sexual orientation, and when evidence shows that hatred prompted offender to commit the crime

Question 35

Transnational Crime

Answer 35

Crime that occurs across multiple national borders

Question 36

Index crimes

Answer 36

Violent crimes against people-Murder, rape, robbery, assault

Crimes against property -Burglary, theft, motor vehicle theft, arson

Question 37

Victimization surveys

Answer 37

surveys of ordinary people, not police officers, to determine whether they have been victims of crime

Question 38

Crime Trends

Answer 38

Public regards crime as major social problem, yet rate of crime being reported in 2012 was comparable to what it was in 1963

Question 39

Feminist scholars

Answer 39

proportion of major crimes committed by women has increased

Question 40

International Crime Rates

Answer 40

Violent crimes much more common in U.S. than in western Europe in 1980s and 1990s

Question 41

Gun Control

Answer 41

Guns are big business in the U.S.; very high ratio of guns to people in the U.S.