chapter 9 Flashcards
_______ is a concept more than 100 years old and refers to the information that decays in a short time (minutes to seconds) if you do not use it.
short term memory
the phrase “short term memory” has largely been replaced in cognitive psychology with the term “___________”
“working memory”
__________ works with or uses information to address a particular question or situation
working memory
working memory typically lasts from __________
a few seconds to a couple minutes
t or f?
working memory is a single system
false
_________ is a system of repeating something over and over internally to remember it
phonological loop
_________ is a system of using visual perception to remember something
visuospatial sketchpad
working memory systems in most people seem capable of holding around ____ items of information at a time
seven
_______ refers to systems that are capable of encoding, storing, and retrieving information over periods of time, , anywhere from minutes to a lifetime
long term memory
_________ system’s capacity is much greater than that of the ________ systems
long term memory
working memory
long term memory systems are typically grouped into two subdivisions:
1) __________ memory
2) __________ memory
1) implicit memory
2) explicit memory
the first subdivision of long-term memory, __________ or nondeclarative memory, is a system that encodes information that does not lend itself to conscious recall or expression
implicit memory
unconscious motor memories, such as the movements required to operate a bicycle, are good examples of _______ memory
implicit memory
the second subdivision of long-term memory, _________ or declarative memory, is a system that encodes information that can be consciously recalled and expressed
explicit memory
memories of life episodes or facts, such as your first day of college or that a bicycle has two wheel, are good examples of ______ memory
explicit memory
implicit memory involves skills and learning that can occur
without _____________
without conscious awareness
__________ are memories for how to perform skills or habits, such as reading, typing, swimming, juggling, playing piano, or riding a bicycle.
procedural memories
__________ are acquired slowly, through reception and practice, and can endure long after the sessions of practice.
procedural memories
studies in animals and humans suggest that the neural circuitry of the _______ is essential for forming procedural memories
striatum
________ refers to unconscious long-term memory, in which past experiences influence or increase the response to a given sensory stimulus.
priming
Pavlov’s dog experiment is used to demonstrate a form of implicit memory called __________
classical conditioning
pavlov built on the observation that dogs normally respond to food (the _______ stimulus), by salivation ( the _______ response). Over time, dogs learned to associate the ringing of a bell or another signal ( the ________ stimulus) with the impending delivery of food. With repeated experiences, they began to salivate in response to the bell alone, making the salivation now a ______ response, even before the arrival of the food itself
food = unconditioned stimulus
salivation = unconditioned response
bell or signal = conditioned stimulus
salivation after bell = conditioned response
_________ is a form of implicit memory that involves learning to gradually increase or decrease a certain behaviour in response to learned rewards or consequences
operant conditioning
Learning of emotional responses for both classical and operant conditioning appears to depends on the neural circuitry of the _______.
amygdala
Learning skeletal muscle responses (ex; blinking eyes at a puff of air to the face) relies on the ______ and other associated structures of the brainstem.
cerebellum
_________ refer to long-term changes in reflex pathways in the nervous system
nonassociative learning
habituation, when repeated exposure to the same stimulus cause a gradual decrease in the response, is a good example of __________.
nonassociative learning
the opposite of habituation is ________, where the response to a given stimulus increases following exposure to an especially strong or noxious “sensitizing” stimulus
sensitization
the effects of habituation and sensitization can be seen at _____ levels of the nervous system
(hint: lower, all, or higher levels?)
all
______ memories are memories or facts that you are aware that you know.
explicit
the two basic forms of explicit memory are ________ memory and ______ memory
episodic
semantic
_________ are memories for past autobiographical events, such as birthdays, meetings, discoveries, and travels.
episodic
______ memories can be consciously recalled and described, written in a journal, and used in a flexible way to guide behavior
episodic
_________ often have a vivid , cinema-like quality to them.
episodic memories
sequences of actions and occurrences are usually a key part of _________ memories.
episodic
memory researchers sometimes distinguish between _____ and ______
familiarity and recollection
________ involves a more vague sense of emotional content, without any accompanying context
familiarity
a complete _____ involves a rich recreation of place, time, surroundings, actions, and events
recollection
the __________ and in particular a region known as the ________ are key structures for the recollection and recreation of episodic memories.
medial temporal lobe
hippocampus
____________ are memories for facts about the outside world
semantic memories
_______ memories often involve information about the properties of things.
semantic
since ________ are independent of any one particular kind of sensory input, they are useful for organizing the world into categories of semantically related stimuli
semantic properties
what makes semantic memories tricky is that they can sometimes _________________
masquerade as an episodic memory
