chapter 9

Question 1

_______ is a concept more than 100 years old and refers to the information that decays in a short time (minutes to seconds) if you do not use it.

Answer 1

short term memory

Question 2

the phrase “short term memory” has largely been replaced in cognitive psychology with the term “___________”

Answer 2

“working memory”

Question 3

__________ works with or uses information to address a particular question or situation

Answer 3

working memory

Question 4

working memory typically lasts from __________

Answer 4

a few seconds to a couple minutes

Question 5

t or f?

working memory is a single system

Answer 5

false

Question 6

_________ is a system of repeating something over and over internally to remember it

Answer 6

phonological loop

Question 7

_________ is a system of using visual perception to remember something

Answer 7

visuospatial sketchpad

Question 8

working memory systems in most people seem capable of holding around ____ items of information at a time

Answer 8

seven

Question 9

_______ refers to systems that are capable of encoding, storing, and retrieving information over periods of time, , anywhere from minutes to a lifetime

Answer 9

long term memory

Question 10

_________ system’s capacity is much greater than that of the ________ systems

Answer 10

long term memory

working memory

Question 11

long term memory systems are typically grouped into two subdivisions:

1) __________ memory
2) __________ memory

Answer 11

1) implicit memory

2) explicit memory

Question 12

the first subdivision of long-term memory, __________ or nondeclarative memory, is a system that encodes information that does not lend itself to conscious recall or expression

Answer 12

implicit memory

Question 13

unconscious motor memories, such as the movements required to operate a bicycle, are good examples of _______ memory

Answer 13

implicit memory

Question 14

the second subdivision of long-term memory, _________ or declarative memory, is a system that encodes information that can be consciously recalled and expressed

Answer 14

explicit memory

Question 15

memories of life episodes or facts, such as your first day of college or that a bicycle has two wheel, are good examples of ______ memory

Answer 15

explicit memory

Question 16

implicit memory involves skills and learning that can occur

without _____________

Answer 16

without conscious awareness

Question 17

__________ are memories for how to perform skills or habits, such as reading, typing, swimming, juggling, playing piano, or riding a bicycle.

Answer 17

procedural memories

Question 18

__________ are acquired slowly, through reception and practice, and can endure long after the sessions of practice.

Answer 18

procedural memories

Question 19

studies in animals and humans suggest that the neural circuitry of the _______ is essential for forming procedural memories

Answer 19

striatum

Question 20

________ refers to unconscious long-term memory, in which past experiences influence or increase the response to a given sensory stimulus.

Answer 20

priming

Question 21

Pavlov’s dog experiment is used to demonstrate a form of implicit memory called __________

Answer 21

classical conditioning

Question 22

pavlov built on the observation that dogs normally respond to food (the _______ stimulus), by salivation ( the _______ response). Over time, dogs learned to associate the ringing of a bell or another signal ( the ________ stimulus) with the impending delivery of food. With repeated experiences, they began to salivate in response to the bell alone, making the salivation now a ______ response, even before the arrival of the food itself

Answer 22

food = unconditioned stimulus
salivation = unconditioned response
bell or signal = conditioned stimulus
salivation after bell = conditioned response

Question 23

_________ is a form of implicit memory that involves learning to gradually increase or decrease a certain behaviour in response to learned rewards or consequences

Answer 23

operant conditioning

Question 24

Learning of emotional responses for both classical and operant conditioning appears to depends on the neural circuitry of the _______.

Answer 24

amygdala

Question 25

Learning skeletal muscle responses (ex; blinking eyes at a puff of air to the face) relies on the ______ and other associated structures of the brainstem.

Answer 25

cerebellum

Question 26

_________ refer to long-term changes in reflex pathways in the nervous system

Answer 26

nonassociative learning

Question 27

habituation, when repeated exposure to the same stimulus cause a gradual decrease in the response, is a good example of __________.

Answer 27

nonassociative learning

Question 28

the opposite of habituation is ________, where the response to a given stimulus increases following exposure to an especially strong or noxious “sensitizing” stimulus

Answer 28

sensitization

Question 29

the effects of habituation and sensitization can be seen at _____ levels of the nervous system

(hint: lower, all, or higher levels?)

Answer 29

all

Question 30

______ memories are memories or facts that you are aware that you know.

Answer 30

explicit

Question 31

the two basic forms of explicit memory are ________ memory and ______ memory

Answer 31

episodic

semantic

Question 32

_________ are memories for past autobiographical events, such as birthdays, meetings, discoveries, and travels.

Answer 32

episodic

Question 33

______ memories can be consciously recalled and described, written in a journal, and used in a flexible way to guide behavior

Answer 33

episodic

Question 34

_________ often have a vivid , cinema-like quality to them.

Answer 34

episodic memories

Question 35

sequences of actions and occurrences are usually a key part of _________ memories.

Answer 35

episodic

Question 36

memory researchers sometimes distinguish between _____ and ______

Answer 36

familiarity and recollection

Question 37

________ involves a more vague sense of emotional content, without any accompanying context

Answer 37

familiarity

Question 38

a complete _____ involves a rich recreation of place, time, surroundings, actions, and events

Answer 38

recollection

Question 39

the __________ and in particular a region known as the ________ are key structures for the recollection and recreation of episodic memories.

Answer 39

medial temporal lobe

hippocampus

Question 40

____________ are memories for facts about the outside world

Answer 40

semantic memories

Question 41

_______ memories often involve information about the properties of things.

Answer 41

semantic

Question 42

since ________ are independent of any one particular kind of sensory input, they are useful for organizing the world into categories of semantically related stimuli

Answer 42

semantic properties

Question 43

what makes semantic memories tricky is that they can sometimes _________________

Answer 43

masquerade as an episodic memory