chapter 8

Question 1

without _____ there is no ______

Answer 1

attention

awareness

Question 2

______ links our sensations to our actions to serve a common purpose

Answer 2

attention

Question 3

the _______ paradigm measures a subject’s reaction time to the appearance of a visual stimulus in the presence and absence of reliable cues

Answer 3

orienting

Question 4

in the _______ paradigm, researchers record the brain activity of a subject who views a series of similar items with an occasional markedly different item .

Answer 4

oddball

Question 5

researchers studying ___________ monitor the brain activity of a subject who shifts between multiple possible interpretations of an ambiguous stimulus.

Answer 5

perceptual rivalry

Question 6

attention and awareness require activity in a wide-spread network of cortical regions including ________ and ________

Answer 6

high-order sensory and motor association areas

Question 7

_______ improves one’s ability to identify a stimulus by increasing the rate of firing within the neuron that is detecting the stimulus and also decreasing the unrelated background “noise” within the population of neurons responding to the stimulus.

Answer 7

attention

Question 8

_____________ helps to keep these wide-spread patterns of activity coordinated and distinct from competing patterns of activity

Answer 8

neural synchronization

Question 9

distinct brain areas and mechanism maintain the __________

Answer 9

state of consciousness

Question 10

these mechanisms can be disrupted by _____ or _____ to produce a state of unconsciousness while most of the brain’s architecture remains intact

Answer 10

injury or drugs

Question 11

______ can not be directly measured.

Answer 11

attention

Question 12

the French philosopher _______ proposed that the mind and the body were fundamentally distinct from one another

Answer 12

Rene Descartes

Question 13

_____ refers to the idea that there is a fundamental separation between the material human body and nonmaterial human consciousness

Answer 13

dualism

Question 14

______ is a given limited capacity to process competing options, attentional mechanisms select, modulate, and sustain focus on information most relevant for behavior

Answer 14

attention

Question 15

attention fulfills the need to _____________ so we do not waste time and energy on irrelevant efforts

Answer 15

prioritize information

Question 16

the challenge with _______ is the struggle to balance the need for selective focus with the need to handle new situations as they arise

Answer 16

attention

Question 17

how do stage magicians use inattentional blindness?

Answer 17

they use misdirection to distract the audience from the truth behind the trick

Question 18

attention brings together _______ and ________ so that they can serve a common purpose

Answer 18

sensation and action

Question 19

in a case of _________, the person misses the event even if her gaze remains right on the object in question

Answer 19

covert misdirection

Question 20

we have to block out an entire image between changes to get the effects of people not noticing the change, thanks to _______ blindness

Answer 20

change blindness

Question 21

___________ refers to the phenomenon exploited by stage magicians, when they use misdirection to distract the audience from the truth behind the trick

Answer 21

inattentional blindness

Question 22

in the ______ paradigm, the subject maintains fixation on a central cross. A target stimulus appears, and the behaviour measure is the subjects reaction time.

Answer 22

orienting

Question 23

in the _________ paradigm, we present the subject with a long train of repetitive stimuli, interrupted occasionally by an attention-drawing deviant stimulus

Answer 23

oddball

Question 24

the _______ mechanism by which we deliberately focus on a feature of the environment and the ________ mechanism by which our attention jumps to unexpected but salient features of the sensory environment

Answer 24

top-down

bottom-up

Question 25

one method of for studying conscious perception exploits ___________, in which the same stimulus gives rise to more than one type of conscious percept.

Answer 25

perceptual rivalry