chapter 8 Flashcards
without _____ there is no ______
attention
awareness
______ links our sensations to our actions to serve a common purpose
attention
the _______ paradigm measures a subject’s reaction time to the appearance of a visual stimulus in the presence and absence of reliable cues
orienting
in the _______ paradigm, researchers record the brain activity of a subject who views a series of similar items with an occasional markedly different item .
oddball
researchers studying ___________ monitor the brain activity of a subject who shifts between multiple possible interpretations of an ambiguous stimulus.
perceptual rivalry
attention and awareness require activity in a wide-spread network of cortical regions including ________ and ________
high-order sensory and motor association areas
_______ improves one’s ability to identify a stimulus by increasing the rate of firing within the neuron that is detecting the stimulus and also decreasing the unrelated background “noise” within the population of neurons responding to the stimulus.
attention
_____________ helps to keep these wide-spread patterns of activity coordinated and distinct from competing patterns of activity
neural synchronization
distinct brain areas and mechanism maintain the __________
state of consciousness
these mechanisms can be disrupted by _____ or _____ to produce a state of unconsciousness while most of the brain’s architecture remains intact
injury or drugs
______ can not be directly measured.
attention
the French philosopher _______ proposed that the mind and the body were fundamentally distinct from one another
Rene Descartes
_____ refers to the idea that there is a fundamental separation between the material human body and nonmaterial human consciousness
dualism
______ is a given limited capacity to process competing options, attentional mechanisms select, modulate, and sustain focus on information most relevant for behavior
attention
attention fulfills the need to _____________ so we do not waste time and energy on irrelevant efforts
prioritize information
the challenge with _______ is the struggle to balance the need for selective focus with the need to handle new situations as they arise
attention
how do stage magicians use inattentional blindness?
they use misdirection to distract the audience from the truth behind the trick
attention brings together _______ and ________ so that they can serve a common purpose
sensation and action
in a case of _________, the person misses the event even if her gaze remains right on the object in question
covert misdirection
we have to block out an entire image between changes to get the effects of people not noticing the change, thanks to _______ blindness
change blindness
___________ refers to the phenomenon exploited by stage magicians, when they use misdirection to distract the audience from the truth behind the trick
inattentional blindness
in the ______ paradigm, the subject maintains fixation on a central cross. A target stimulus appears, and the behaviour measure is the subjects reaction time.
orienting
in the _________ paradigm, we present the subject with a long train of repetitive stimuli, interrupted occasionally by an attention-drawing deviant stimulus
oddball
the _______ mechanism by which we deliberately focus on a feature of the environment and the ________ mechanism by which our attention jumps to unexpected but salient features of the sensory environment
top-down
bottom-up
one method of for studying conscious perception exploits ___________, in which the same stimulus gives rise to more than one type of conscious percept.
perceptual rivalry
