Chapter 9 Flashcards
Today, more than 90 percent of school-age children attend school as compared to…in 1890
7 percent
It has been found that the norms of the peer culture at school are often at odds with those of adult society, and that a…with a distinct social system develops
pseudoculture
About…of all children whose mothers have less than a high school education suffer educational deficiencies compared to only 8 percent of children whose mothers have a college degree or higher
one-third
Schools with a completion rate of 40 percent or less are known as…
dropout factories
A 2012 US Department of Education report revealed that over…of the students involved in school-related arrests or referred to law enforcement were Hispanic or black
70 percent
Most youth who drop out of school show danger signs by the…grade
fourth
Which benchmark is an indicator for determining risk of dropout based on course performance?
One failed course in the first year of high school
Which youth are most likely to become delinquent?
Chronic underachievers
Which research finding is evidence that school failure is a direct cause of delinquent behavior?
Some youth seek out like-minded companions and together engage in antisocial behaviors because they believe they will never achieve success through conventional means.
Albert Cohen argued that working-class students were more likely to fail in school and turn to delinquency because they _____.
are poorly equipped to function in middle-class schools
Youth who fail to form a bond to school tend to gravitate toward delinquency-producing influences or situations, such as antisocial peers, a phenomenon known as _____.
alienation
What percent of public schools nationally report that bullying occurred among students on a daily or weekly basis?
25 percent
The crimes that juveniles are most likely to get involved in, such as simple assault offenses, take place at _____.
school
Approximately _____ of all high, middle, and primary public schools use _____.
two-thirds; security cameras
Although there are numerous programs implemented into schools to make delinquency prevention more effective, one recommendation is to focus on _____.
personalized student–teacher relationships
Which school-based prevention strategy works toward improving students’ psychological assets and self-image by giving them the resources to resist antisocial behavior?
Affective
In which court case did the court allow drug testing of student athletes who are going off campus to engage in school events?
Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton
The Improving America’s Schools Act allows educational systems to disclose education records _____.
when state law authorizes the disclosure
In which court case did the court uphold the school system’s right to discipline a student who uses obscene or profane language and gestures?
Bethal School District No. 403 v. Fraser
What percent of students with disabilities suffer corporal punishment at school annually?
19 percent
Students with _____ and ____ students are much more likely to be disciplined for school infractions.
learning disabilities; minority
On average, students who earn a 2.0 GPA or less in their freshman year have _____ graduation rates compared to students who earn a 2.5 or higher (on a 4-point scale).
significantly lower
Only _____ percent of the chronic offenders in Marvin Wolfgang’s Philadelphia Delinquency in a Birth Cohort study graduated from high school, compared with _____ percent of nonoffenders.
9; 74
The Secret Service found that school shooters _____.
came from such a wide variety of backgrounds that no accurate or useful profile can be developed
In Safford Unified School District v. Redding (2009), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the appeal that _____.
the strip search was unconstitutional and that the school should be held personally liable for damages.
Today, more than…percent of school-age children attend school
90
School has become the primary instrument of
socialization
Today, less than…of students drop out of high school
20%
Some say…significantly increases delinquency, others find no link
dropping out
Reasons for dropping out
Failed course; grade point average; absences; pushed out
Poverty and family dysfunction increase chances of…
dropping out
Minority students drop out at a…than European American students
higher rate
According to Dorn, the relatively high dropout rate among minorities is…
the legacy of disciplinary policies enacted when educational administrators opposed school desegregation
Payne and Welch found that administrators and teachers in urban schools were more likely…
to respond to misbehavior in a punitive as opposed to a restorative manner
…are most likely to be delinquent
Chronic underachievers
Chronic underachievement is a stronger predictor of delinquency than…
class membership, race, ethnicity, or peer influence
Children who report they don’t like school or don’t do well in school are most likely to
self-report delinquency
Three independent views on the association between school failure and delinquency are:
School failure is a direct cause of delinquent behavior;
school failure leads to emotional and psychological problems that are the actual cause of antisocial behavior;
school failure and delinquency share a common cause
Correlates of school failure
Personal problems (dysfunctional family, psychological abnormalities), social class, tracking, alienation
Correlates of school failure (tracking)
Involves dividing students into groups according to ability
Bullying
Repeated negative acts committed by one or more youth against another
According to Soule and his associates, juvenile victimization and delinquency peaks during …, whereas substance use peaks over the…
school hours; weekend
According to Klein, bullies are motivated by need to prove their
masculinity
According to Loeber, bullies have a long history of antisocial behaviors that precedes their
school experience
…(1980s), considered the most successful of its type, involved school-wide, classroom-wide, and individual-level interventions
Dan Olweus’ anti-bullying program
Many school shooters had history of
abuse, bullying, and real or perceived lack of support from peers, parents, and teachers
Most school shootings occurred around
the start of the school day, lunch period, or end of day
School shooters were also likely to have expressed some form of…prior to the shooting
suicidal behavior
School shooters:
Develop a plan of attack well in advance;
experience mental anguish;
come from a wide variety of backgrounds;
have a history of feeling extremely depressed or desperate;
are most often motivated by revenge;
had experience with guns and/or other weapons
School-level causes of school crimes
High proportion of students who commit crime at school read below grade level, are welfare recipients, and live in socially disorganized areas
Individual-level causes of school crimes
Emotional/psychological causes, isolation, alienation, and substance abuse linked to school delinquency
Community-level causes of school crimes
Socially disorganized neighborhoods experience higher rates of drug abuse and crime in schools;
factors such as single parent families, high population density, and transient populations can lead to higher rates of school crime
School security efforts
Locked or monitored doors/gates, limited or controlled access to campus, metal detectors, security cameras, and limited access to social networking websites
Employing law enforcement for school security
Some have undercover officers;
some assign School Resource Officers to work on campus
Critics argue that security measures reduce
morale
The most effective methods of reducing disorder and crime in schools includes the encouragement of
order and organization and an emphasis on student-bonding
School-based prevention efforts:
Cognitive Affective Behavioral Environmental Therapeutic
New Jersey vs. T.L.O. (1984):
School officials can legally search students when there are reasonable grounds to believe a student has violated the law
The Supreme Court allows school authorities to conduct random drug tests on the grounds that they are
less intrusive than a search of a student’s body
Board of Education of Independent School District No. 92 of Pottawatomie County el al. v. Earls et al.
The Court extended the right to test for drugs without probable cause to all students as long as the drug-testing policies were “reasonable”
The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (1974)
Restricts disclosure of information from a student’s education records without parental consent
In 1994, Congress allowed educational system to disclose education records if:
State law authorizes the disclosure
The disclosure is to a juvenile justice agency
The disclosure relates to the justice system’s ability to provide preadjudication services to a student
State or local officials certify in writing that the institution or individual receiving the information has agreed not to disclose it to a third party other than another juvenile justice system agency
Two main categories of free speech:
Passive speech and active speech
Passive speech
Unless it can be shown that the forbidden conduct will interfere with the discipline required to operate the school, the prohibition cannot be sustained (Tinker v. Des Monies Independent Community School District, 1969)
Active speech
The Court extended the right of school officials to censor active speech when it ruled the principal of Hazelwood School District could censor articles in a student publication (Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier, 1988)
Corporal punishment in schools is allowed in
20 states
In the 1977 case of Ingraham v. Wright:
Court held that neither the Eighth nor the Fourteenth Amendment was violated by a teacher’s use of corporal punishment to discipline students
Goss v. Lopez, 1976
Suspensions/expulsions require due process hearing
Academic tracking refers to:
dividing students into groups according to ability and achievement level
Given the risk factors, Jazmyn will likely join approximately what percentage of high school students that dropout?
20
Police need _________________ before they can conduct a search, but educators can legally search students when there are reasonable grounds to believe the students have violated the law or broken school rules.
probable cause
Which statement is false with regard to minority students in school?
Black and Hispanic students are also disproportionately subject to seclusion or restraints.
Students with disabilities are disproportionally subject to physical restraints.
A smaller percentage of minority students are in gifted and talented programs.
Teachers in high-minority schools were paid more per year than their colleagues elsewhere.
Teachers in high-minority schools were paid more per year than their colleagues elsewhere.
True or false? School shooters typically develop a plan of attack well in advance.
True
