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SOC 3410 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Which term refers to a loosely organized group who shares interests and activities?

A

Crowd

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2
Q

Research has found that close affiliation with a high status peer crowd…

A

can afford protection against depression and other negative psychological symptoms

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3
Q

What is most likely to affect participation in antisocial behavior from adolescence to young adulthood?

A

Peer rejection

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4
Q

Delinquent acts tend to be committed in small groups rather than alone, a process known as…

A

co-offending

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5
Q

Klein argues that which factor stands out in all definitions of gangs?

A

The group is committed to criminal activity, although most activities are noncriminal

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6
Q

Which youth gang was found to roam places in New York, Boston, and Philadelphia in the 1820s?

A

The Roach Guards

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7
Q

Frederick Thrasher identified an interstitial area as an area…

A

of the city that forms when there is a crack in the social fabric and in which deviant groups form

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8
Q

Gangs are thought to have reemerged, at least in part, because of the…

A

lack of stable families and adult supervision

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9
Q

Based on law enforcement reports, there an estimated…gang members throughout the United States

A

730,000

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10
Q

Gangs are more frequently found in which region of the United States?

A

Midwest

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11
Q

What is the most common reason for gangs to migrate?

A

the presence of various social factors such as relocation of families

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12
Q

Which term refers to youth cliques in gangs who establish unique groups with separate names, identities, and experience?

A

klikas

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13
Q

Which type of gang concentrates on drug use and sales but forgoes most delinquent behavior?

A

Party gang

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14
Q

The term…is used to describe most gangs because they tend to maintain a small core of committed members and a much larger group of affiliated youth, who participated in gang activity only when the mood suits them.

A

near-group

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15
Q

Which hypothesis argues that gang membership aids deviant behavior because it provides the structure and group support for antisocial activities?

A

Facilitation hypothesis

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16
Q

The Rochester Youth Development Study found that young gang members were…more likely to carry handguns than were nongang juvenile offenders

A

10 times

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17
Q

Which view of gang formation argues that gangs form because of the destructive sociocultural forces in problematic inner-city areas?

A

Social disorganization view

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18
Q

Which view of gang formation proposes that kids join gangs for protection, fun, and survival?

A

Rational choice

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19
Q

Which term refers to law enforcement efforts in which one or more police officers, usually from youth or detective units, are assigned exclusively to gang-control work?

A

Gang details

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20
Q

During the 1950s, detached street workers…

A

worked on the gang’s turf to provide them with positive role models

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21
Q

Which factor may be more important than parental nurturance in the development of long term behavior?

A

peer influence

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22
Q

The Crips gang was created in Los Angeles in 1969 with the original name of…

A

Baby Avenues

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23
Q

Within common gang slang, the number 14 refers to allegiance to…gangs

A

Northern California

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24
Q

According to the anomie/alienation view of gang formation, feelings of alienation may be…once kids join gangs

A

exacerbated

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25
Q

Which law enforcement effort involve traditional police personnel, usually from the youth unit, who are given responsibility for gang control?

A

Youth services programs

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26
Q

Parents are the primary source of influence in early years, but between ages 8 and 14, children typically begin to seek out…

A

a stable peer group

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27
Q

…have a greater influence than…over decision making among youth

A

Friends; parents

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28
Q

Cliques

A

Small groups of friends who share intimate knowledge and confidences

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29
Q

Crowds

A

Loosely organized groups who share interests and activities

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30
Q

Adolescent self-image is formed by

A

perceptions of one’s place in the social world

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31
Q

Poor peer relations is related to

A

high social anxiety

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32
Q

Close affiliation with a high-status peer crowd protects against

A

depression and other negative psychological symptoms

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33
Q

Co-offending

A

Delinquent acts tend to be committed in small groups rather than alone

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34
Q

According to control theory, antisocial adolescents seek out

A

like-minded peers for criminal association and to conduct criminal transactions

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35
Q

According to labeling theory,

A

deviant kids are forced to choose deviant peers

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36
Q

According to social learning theory,

A

delinquent friends cause law-abiding youth to get in trouble

37
Q

According to routine activities,

A

kids with like-minded peers without parental control are more likely to be involved in delinquency

38
Q

According to rational choice theory,

A

kids choose to get involved with delinquent peers because they have high status in the youth culture

39
Q

A gang is a

A

group of youths who collectively engage in delinquent behaviors

40
Q

Gang expert Malcolm Klein argues that two factors stand out in all definitions:

A

Members have self recognition of their gang status and special vocabulary, clothing, signs, colors, graffiti, and names; there is a commitment to criminal activity

41
Q

Some defining factors of gangs:

A

Three or more members, generally aging from 12 to 24; a shared identity, typically linked to a name and often other symbols; some permanence and a degree of organization; involved in an elevated level of criminal activity

42
Q

Social gang

A

Some minor drug and alcohol use; focus on social activities

43
Q

Party gang

A

Focus on drug use and sales, but not other delinquent activities

44
Q

Serious delinquent gang

A

Focus on serious delinquent activity, but not drug dealing or use

45
Q

Organized gang

A

Heavy involvement in serious delinquent behavior and violence

46
Q

Near-groups

A

Clusters of youth who outwardly seem unified, but actually have limited cohesion, impermanence, minimal consensus of norms, shifting membership, disturbed leadership, and limited definitions of membership expectations.

47
Q

Trends of age in gangs

A

Ranges widely (ages 8 to 55); average age is increasing

48
Q

Gender statistics

A

Traditionally male; gender-mixed gangs are becoming more common; one-third female, females in all or majority-female gangs with lowest delinquency rate

49
Q

Why do girls join gangs?

A

Financial opportunity; identity and social status; peer pressure; escape turbulent family lives; protection

50
Q

African American and Latino youths predominate gang membership:

A

1/2 are Hispanic/Latino; 1/3 African American; 1/5 European American

51
Q

Some of the African American gangs in the US are:

A

Black P. Stone Nation: 6,000-8,000 members; Bloods: 7,000-30,000 members; Crips: 30,000-35,000

52
Q

Unique characteristics of African American gangs

A

NicknamesNondescript attire Distinctive hairstylesTattooing Distinctive graffiti

53
Q

Gangs are…in the Latino culture

A

popular

54
Q

Admission to Latino gangs involves rituals that prove their…

A

machismo

55
Q

Latino gangs are known for their dress code of

A

tank style t-shirts

56
Q

The most feared Latino gang is

A

Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13), the nation’s most dangerous gang

57
Q

Latino gang territory is marked with…

A

colorful and intricate graffiti, stylized lettering, and 3-D designs

58
Q

Asian gangs are prominent in

A

New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, and Houston

59
Q

…is the largest and most violent Asian gang in the U.S.

A

Tiny Rascal Gangsters

60
Q

Characteristics of Asian gangs

A

Unique because they do not share qualities with other ethnically-based groups; victimize members of their own ethnic group; more organized than other gangs, have recognizable leaders, more secretive, less territorial, and less openly visible

61
Q

The first American youth gangs were

A

European American

62
Q

During the 1950s, Anglo gangs competed with

A

African American and Latino gangs

63
Q

Today, …account for less than…of all gang members

A

Anglo gang members; 10%

64
Q

Members of Anglo gangs are often

A

alienated middle class youth

65
Q

Anglo gang members are often referred to as

A

skinheads, and may be identified by a shaved head and Nazi or KKK markings

66
Q

Hybrid gangs are a

A

Mixture of racial/ethnic groups

67
Q

Members of youth gangs commit more crime than

A

any other group of youths

68
Q

Three explanations for association of gang membership and delinquency:

A

selection hypothesis; facilitation hypothesis; enhancement hypothesis

69
Q

Gang members are:

A

More violent than non-members; more likely to carry weapons; more likely to commit homicide

70
Q

Violence in gangs is used to:

A

Transform a peer group into a gang; maintain the gang’s internal discipline ; prestige crimes

71
Q

prestige crimes

A

When a gang member steals or assaults to gain prestige in the gang

72
Q

The anthropological view of why youth join gangs

A

Appeal to tribal instincts

73
Q

Social disorganization/sociocultural view of why youth join gangs

A

Youth gangs form due to destructive sociocultural forces in disorganized areas

74
Q

Anomie/alienation view of why youth join gangs

A

Alienation leads to gang involvement; social conditions encourage gang activity

75
Q

Trait view of why youth join gangs

A

Gang members have biological and psychological traits that make them prone to violence and to joining gangs

76
Q

Life course view of why youth join gangs

A

Gang involvement is indirectly related to continued participation in street crime and to the probability of being arrested.

77
Q

Rational choice view of why youth join gangs

A

Youths may make a rational choice to join a gang

78
Q

Law enforcement efforts against gangs

A

Youth service programs; gang details; gang units

79
Q

Community control efforts against gangs

A

Detached street workers; gang outreach; recreation

80
Q

detached street workers

A

Social workers who went out into the community and established close relationships with juvenile gangs with the goal of modifying gang behavior to conform to conventional behaviors and helping gang members get jobs and educational opportunities.

81
Q

gang details

A

in which one or more police officers, usually from youth or detective units, are assigned exclusively to gang-control work

82
Q

gang units

A

established solely to deal with gang problems, to which one or more officers are assigned exclusively to gang-control work

83
Q

Why gang control is difficult

A

Aggressive tactics can be overzealous and alienate the community; social and economic solutions seem equally challenging; it is a socio-ecological phenomenon, requiring social solutions that do not have an easy fix

84
Q

The Cure Violence program approaches violence as an infectious disease by:

A

Detection and interruption; behavior change; changing community norms

85
Q

According to ___________________ theory, kids who engage in unstructured socializing with like-minded peers, without parental controls, will have greater opportunities to get involved in delinquent behaviors than those who receive adult monitoring and control.

A

routine activities

86
Q

According to the _____________ view, ganging can provide girls with a sense of sisterhood, independence, and solidarity, as well as a chance to earn profit through illegal activities.

A

liberation

87
Q

According to the ___________________ view, gangs appeal to adolescents’ longing for the tribal process that sustained their ancestors.

A

anthropological

88
Q

Klein notes that even the most criminal gang members spend the bulk of their time:

A

in noncriminal activities

89
Q

A(n) _________________ gang is heavily involved in criminality, particularly in drug sales, and they use violence to establish control over drug sale territories.

A

organized

SOC 3410 (10 decks)

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