Chapter 14 Flashcards
Probation, treatment services such as individual/group counseling, restitution, foster homes and small group home, boarding schools, counseling and vocational training are some of the efforts to
provide care, protection, and treatment for juveniles in need
suppression effect
A reduction of the number of arrests per year for youths who have been incarcerated or otherwise punished.
Correctional centers are operated by what kind of governments?
federal, state and/or county
Correctional centers restrict movement of residents through means such as
staff monitoring, locked exits, and interior fence controls
Various types of institutional treatment:
Reception centers, specialized facilities, training schools, ranch/forestry, and boot camps
What is juvenile probation?
Nonpunitive, legal disposition of juveniles emphasizing community treatment with close supervision
Juvenile probation is characterized by:
Established set of rules, treatment in the community
Group counseling
Drug treatment
Others
The primary form of community treatment used in the juvenile system is
juvenile probation
…was part of social reform in the latter half of the 19th century
juvenile probation
By…, probation had become a mandatory part of the court structure
1890
Probation is the most popular juvenile disposition for juvenile court judges: … juveniles were placed on formal probation to date
339,700
Contemporary probation is the backbone of
community treatment centers
Probation is a direct judicial order that allows youth to remain in
community under court supervision
Conditions of probation typically involve basic rules such as
attending school/work, keeping regular hours, remaining in the jurisdiction, and staying out of trouble
Probation is often ordered for an…period of time
indefinite
Probation allows the court to…a program to each youth offender
tailor
Research raises questions regarding the adequacy of the present system to attend to special needs of…probationers
female
Personalized probation plans help with the problem of
female probationers
Particularly for…, probation is often the disposition of choice
status offenders
Restitution or reparation, intensive supervision and/ore counseling, participation in a therapeutic program and/or educational or vocational training program, lead law-abiding live, maintain a residence in a family setting, refrain from associating with certain types of people, remain in a particular area unless given permission to leave are some of the rules and regulations included in:
probation
The Supreme Court ruled that a juvenile is normally entitled to … and a … if cited for a probation violation
legal representation; hearing
Intake, predisposition, post adjudication, post disposition are the duties of
juvenile probation officers
Intake (duties of juvenile probation officers):
Screen complaints and make case decisions: refer the child to agency for service or to the court for judicial action
Predisposition (duties of juvenile probation officers):
Participate in release or detention decisions
Post adjudication (duties of juvenile probation officers):
Assist the court in reaching a dispositional decision
Prepare predispositional reports containing pertinent, comprehensive information regarding the juvenile
Post disposition (duties of juvenile probation officers):
Supervise juveniles placed on probation Provide supervision and treatment in the community
Provide extensive counseling to the child and family
Refer to social service agencies
Juvenile intensive probation supervision (JIPS)
A true alternative to incarceration that involves almost daily supervision of the juvenile by the probation officer assigned to the case.
Intensive supervision involves
treating juveniles normally sent to secure confinement in the community as part of small, specialized caseload
Goals of intensive supervision are:
decarceration, control, and maintaining community ties and reintegration
House arrest coupled with…is common
electric monitoring
The effectiveness of electric monitoring is
debatable, and seems to be effective only with certain populations
restorative justice
Nonpunitive strategies for dealing with juvenile offenders that make the justice system a healing process rather than a punishment process.
balanced probation
A program that integrates community protection, accountability of the juvenile offender, competency, and individualized attention to the juvenile offender, based on the principle that juvenile offenders must accept responsibility for their behavior.
Restitution
Can take on several forms: monetary, victim services, and community service, among others
monetary restitution
Offenders compensate crime victims for out-of-pocket losses caused by the crime, including property damage, lost wages, and medical expenses.
community service restitution
Offenders assist some worthwhile community organization for a period of time.
victim service restitution
Offenders provide some service directly to the crime victim.
Residential programs are non-secure facilities where:
juveniles are closely monitored
Group homes are non secure residences that provide
counseling, education, job training, and family living
Foster care programs:
Combination of foster care and group homes
Rural programs provide:
recreational activities or work for juveniles in a rural setting, i.e., forestry camp or farm, ranch
Reform schools are institutions that provide
educational and psychological services to improve the conduct of juveniles who are forcibly detained
cottage system
Housing in a compound of small cottages, each of which can accommodate 20 to 40 children.
The first juvenile court came in
1899
In 1930s, the…began to emerge
Civilian Conservation Corps
In the…American Law Institute’s Model Youth Correction Authority Act passed
1940s
Most delinquent juveniles housed in… facilities
public
Most status offenders are held in
private facilities
Typical resident in juvenile facility:
15 or 16 years of age European American MaleMost incarcerated are person, property, or drug offenders
Minority, youth are…likely to be incarcerated as punishment for their offenses
more
…in…juveniles in custody belong to racial or ethnic minorities
7 in 10
Seven out of every eight incarcerated juveniles are
male
Number of female offenders has increased by
57 percent
Girls are…likely to be incarcerated for status offenses
more
Institutions for…are more restrictive than those for…, and do a less-than-adequate job of rehabilitation
girls; boys
Over the years, the number of…held in public institutions has declined, but they tend to be incarcerated longer
females
Female offenders have higher rates of …, and are typically isolated in rural areas
mental health problems
Purpose of juvenile correctional system is
rehabilitation of juvenile offender
What kind of treatment is most common in juvenile correctional system?
individual
Some individual treatments in juvenile correctional system
Psychotherapy, reality therapy, and behavior modification
Group treatments
Guide group interaction (GGI), positive peer culture (PPC), and milieu therapy
Educational programs are often the best staffed of all programs, but are still
inadequate
A common drawback of vocational training is
“sex-typing”
Vocational programs range from
auto repair to computer training
Wilderness programs
Involve outdoor expeditions that provide opportunities to confront difficulties and achieve personal satisfaction
Juvenile boot camps
Combine get-tough approaches with education, substance abuse treatment, and social skills training
A meta-analysis study shows boot camps to be ineffective in
reducing recidivism rates
The concept of legal right to treatment was introduced to the mental health field in 1960 by
Morton Birnbaum
Boy’s Training School v. Affleck (1972)
Established minimum standards for all juveniles confined in training schools
Nelson v. Heyne (1974)Morales v. Turman Pena v. New York State Division for Youth Ralston v. Robinson Santana v. Callazo
Other cases related to “right to treatment”
aftercare
Transitional assistance to juveniles equivalent to adult parole to help youths adjust to community life.
Reentry
the process of returning to society upon release from a secure custody facility
Services provided to juveniles:
Supervision by parole officers or a caseworker to maintain contact with juvenile, make sure a corrections plan is followed, and show interest and care
Adhere to a reasonable curfew set by youth worker or parent
Refrain from associating with persons whose influence would be detrimental Attend school in accordance with the law Abstain from drugs and alcohol
Report to the youth worker when required
aftercare revocation procedures
Refrain from acts that would be crimes if committed by an adult
Refrain from operating an automobile without permission of the youth worker or parent
Refrain from being habitually disobedient and beyond the lawful control of parent or other legal authority
Refrain from running away from the lawful custody or parent or other legal authority
More aftercare revocation procedures
There is a debate regarding effectiveness of…versus…treatment
community; institutional
The most effective secure corrections programs are the ones that provide
individual services for a small number of participants
The concept of…is applicable in decisions on placing juvenile offenders in institutions to ensure that the setting benefits the juvenile’s treatment needs
least restrictive alternative
________________ combine elements of foster care and group home placements and are run by a single family rather than staff members.
family group homes
In ________________________, all aspects of the environment are part of the treatment, and meaningful change, increased growth, and satisfactory adjustment are encouraged.
milieu therapy
_____________________ involve one or two juveniles who live with a family, usually a husband and wife who serve as surrogate parents.
Foster home programs
_____________________ is based on the theory that all behavior is learned and that current behavior can be shaped through rewards and punishments.
Behavior modification
____________________ is the primary form of correctional treatment used by the juvenile justice system.
Probation
Which institution is a treatment facility operated by a government agency that restricts the movement of residents through staff monitoring, locked exits, and interior fence controls?
reception center
In 2008, _____ percent of all juvenile dispositions ended in probation.
57
A juvenile probation officer supervise juveniles placed on probation during _____.
postdisposition
The social investigation report submitted to the court by the probation officer includes _____.
the juvenile’s physical and mental health
What is the primary goal of juvenile intensive probation supervision?
the decarceration of high-risk juvenile offenders
Which form of community-based corrections applies restrictions prescribed by community members to help repair harm done to victims?
restorative justice
Which is one of the core values of restorative justice?
The offender will develop improved competency and understanding.
The _____ approach integrates community protection, the accountability of the juvenile offender, and individualized attention to the offender.
balanced probation
When was the House of Refuge established?
1825
Since the 1970s, which policy has been the leading practice for providing services for status offenders?
least restrictive alternative
What percent of juvenile delinquents are held in public secure facilities?
69 percent
Why do some states incarcerate juveniles at a much higher rate than others?
Those states have higher adult custody rates
Despite good intentions, why is the goal of rehabilitation sometimes not attained in treatment programs?
poor implementation of the programs
Which form of therapy involves highly structured counseling in which a therapist helps a juvenile solve conflicts, analyze childhood experiences, and make a more positive adjustment to society?
psychotherapy
Which form of therapy is based on social learning theory?
behavior modification
Which treatment approach is based on the theory that, through group discussions, a delinquent can acknowledge and solve personal problems?
guided group interaction
A meta-analysis of boot camps found that _____.
juvenile boot camps have a higher, though not significant, recidivism rate than do adult boot camps
Which court case determined that failure to treat juveniles is a violation of their due process guarantees?
Inmates of the Boys’ Training School v. Affleck
The court struck down the claim that a youth should continue to be given treatment after being sentenced to a consecutive term in an adult prison in which case?
Ralston v. Robinson
Among the basic principles of Intensive Aftercare Program (IAP) is one of _____.
developing new resources and supports where needed
Which U.S. state took the first step in developing juvenile probation in the nineteenth century?
Massachusetts
Which type of offender is most likely to fail on electronic monitoring?
substance abusers
The Juvenile Residential Facility Census has found that _____ of the 2,860 facilities that reported information were either at capacity or overcrowded.
25 percent
In a detailed review of the effects of wilderness programs—specifically, those emphasizing physical activity over more therapeutic goals—on recidivism, Doris MacKenzie concludes that these programs _____.
do not work
Most states have extended the same legal rights enjoyed by adults at parole revocation hearings to juveniles who are in danger of losing their aftercare privileges. What is one of these rights?
the right to introduce documentary evidence and witnesses
