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SOC 3410 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Specialized police services for juveniles is a …phenomenon

A

recent

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2
Q

(Historical) Pledge system:

A

Neighbors protect each other

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3
Q

(Historical) Watch system:

A

Created to police larger communities

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4
Q

(Historical) Bobbies:

A

First organized police force in London, in 1829

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5
Q

(Historical) Sheriff:

A

In the American colonies

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6
Q

Historical development of working with juveniles

A

Delinquency control squads
Law Enforcement Assistance Administration
Juvenile police officer

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7
Q

Primary responsibility of police:

A

protection of the public

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8
Q

…teens rated the police less favorably than all other racial groups

A

African American

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9
Q

Juveniles with…police contact hold…favorable attitudes toward police

A

prior; less

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10
Q

Juvenile crime victims are much..likely than adult victims to contact the police

A

less

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11
Q

The true role of juvenile officer exists somewhere between…and…

A

law enforcer; delinquency prevention worker

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12
Q

Juveniles account for…of all violent crime arrests

A

11%

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13
Q

Violent crime includes

A

homicide, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, and kidnapping

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14
Q

Police experiment with various methods of violent juvenile crime control:

A

Directed patrols of hot spots
Proactive arrests of serious offenders
Problem oriented policing: addressing the problems underlying incidents of juvenile delinquency rather than the incidents alone

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15
Q

Improving community connections is essential to combating

A

violent juvenile crime

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16
Q

Arrest of juveniles requires:

A

probable cause

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17
Q

The main difference between arrests of adults and juveniles is the

A

broader latitude police have to control youthful behavior

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18
Q

In loco parentis

A

“In place of the parent”, serves as basis for taking juveniles into custody

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19
Q

Search and seizure:

A

Most courts have held that the 4th amendment ban applies to juveniles and that illegally seized evidence is inadmissible in a juvenile trial

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20
Q

Arizona v. Gant (2009)

A

A person may be searched after a legal arrest, but only in the immediate area of the suspect’s control

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21
Q

Miranda v. Arizona (1966, custodial interrogation):

A

The right to remain silent
Any statement they make can be used against the juvenile
The right to counsel
If the defendant cannot afford counsel, it will be furnished at the public expense Miranda rights apply to children taken into custody

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22
Q

In re Gault (1967, custodial interrogation)

A

Stated that constitutional privileges against self-incrimination are applicable in juvenile cases too
Most court hold that parents or attorneys need not be present for children to effectively waive their rights
The general rule is that juveniles can waive their right to protection from self-incrimination, but the validity of this waiver is determined case by case

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23
Q

Fare v. Michael C. and California v. Prysock

A

Clarifies children’s rights when they are interrogated by the police

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24
Q

Juveniles enjoy…procedural protections as adults

A

nearly identical

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25
Q

Factors affecting police discretion:

Formal action:

A 
Fair and just manner
The seriousness of the crime 
The situation in which it occurred 
Legal record of the juvenile 
Will likely occur if the crime is serious and has been reported by a victim who is a respected member of the community, and if the offender is well known to them
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26
Q

Environmental factors of police discretion:

A

Norms of the community

Community alternatives to police intervention

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27
Q

Police policy (police discretion):

A

Directives
Voter satisfaction
Pressure from supervisors

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28
Q

Procedural justice:

A

An evaluation of the fairness of the manner in which an offender’s or another group’s problem or dispute was handled by police

29
Q

Situational factors of police discretion:

A

The attitudes of the complainant and offender
The type and seriousness of the offense The race, sex, and age of the offender
The offender’s prior contacts with the police
The perceived willingness of the parents to assist in solving the problem (in the case of a child)
The setting or location in which the incident occurs
Whether the offender denies the actions or insists on a court hearing (in the case of a child)
The likelihood that a child can be served by an agency in the community

30
Q

Racial bias shown to be present in system, especially for…youth

A

African American

31
Q

“Driving While Black”

A

term that has been coined to refer to the repeated findings of many studies that African American drivers are disproportionately stopped by police and that race is the primary reason for this practice.Footnote

32
Q

…suggests gender bias in favor of young girls is present in the system

A

Chivalry hypothesis

33
Q

Others believe that police are more likely to arrest…offenders because their actions violate officers’ stereotypes of the…

A

female

34
Q

Stereotypes of…often result in biased police discretion and actions when crimes occur in these areas

A

lower class neighborhoods

35
Q

Aggressive law enforcement

A

Prevention including saturation patrols, targeting gang members, arresting gang members for any violations

36
Q

Police in schools

A

School resource officers, GREAT, DARE, Community Outreach through Police in Schools

37
Q

Community policing

A

Several initiatives: encourage officers to get out of their cars and do foot or bicycle patrols

38
Q

Problem-oriented policing

A

Involves systematic analysis and response to problems underlying criminal behavior; SARA

39
Q

There are many problems associated with addressing juvenile offenders:

A

Witness intimidation
Racial profiling
Poor relations with communities

40
Q

Future strategies of addressing juvenile offenders include:

A

Use of “soft” technologies such as IT systems
Using various forms of surveillance technology such as closed-circuit television (CCTV)
Community-based policing services, police in schools, problem-oriented policing

41
Q

Juveniles account for what percent of all violent crime arrests?

A

11 percent

42
Q

Which of the following is the legal standard that allows the police to make an arrest for felonies they did not witness?

A

Probable cause

43
Q

…teens are more likely than…teens to be arrested for status offenses.

A

female; male

44
Q

What U.S. Supreme Court case made the Miranda warning applicable to juveniles taken into custody?

A

in re Gault

45
Q

Which system of policing was created in larger communities in which men were organized in church parishes to patrol areas at night and guard against disturbances and breaches of the peace?

A

watch system

46
Q

The most famous police reformer of the 1930s was _____.

A

August Vollmer

47
Q

Which agency was set up to fund justice-related programs, thus developing hundreds of new police programs and services for children?

A

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

48
Q

Which movement partnered police with concerned citizens in order to maintain order?

A

community policing

49
Q

The conflicts that arise from the desire to perform what police consider their primary duty, law enforcement, and the need to aid in the rehabilitation of youthful offenders is known as _____.

A

role conflict

50
Q

What percent of all juvenile arrests are handled informally?

A

23 percent

51
Q

_____ of African American youths believe that police are honest compared to _____ of European Americans.

A

Fifteen percent; 57 percent

52
Q

Juveniles account for _____ of all violent crime arrests.

A

11 percent

53
Q

What is required in order for police to have a legal basis to make an arrest?

A

probable cause

54
Q

Which Constitutional Amendment gives the right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures?

A

Fourth Amendment

55
Q

In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the police may search a vehicle incident to a recent occupant’s arrest only if the arrestee is within reaching distance of the passenger compartment at the time of the search or it is reasonable to believe the vehicle contains evidence of the offense of arrest?

A

Arizona v. Gant

56
Q

In which case did the court rule that the question of a child’s waiver of their rights is to be determined by the totality of the circumstances doctrine?

A

People v. Lara

57
Q

In which case did the court rule that Miranda stated in different words and out of context is adequate warning to a juvenile?

A

California v. Prysock

58
Q

Approximately what portion of all juvenile arrests are referred to juvenile court?

A

68 percent

59
Q

A study in St. Louis, Missouri revealed that an increased use of stop-and-frisks in inner cities has resulted in _____.

A

an erosion in procedural justice

60
Q

What percent of African American juveniles were arrested for forcible rape in 2013?

A

34 percent

61
Q

Which police program is school-based with the objective of immunizing against delinquency, youth violence, and gang membership?

A

G.R.E.A.T.

62
Q

The problem-oriented policing model known as SARA stands for _____.

A

Scanning, Analysis, Response, and Assessment

63
Q

Which police program aims to reduce youth homicide victimization and youth gun violence, especially in attempting to deter gang violence?

A

Operation Ceasefire

64
Q

An aggressive police tactic in which police patrol aggressively and target a specific pattern of delinquency is known as _____.

A

saturation patrol

65
Q

The first organized police force was established in _____ in 1829.

A

London

66
Q

Among African American, Asian, Hispanic, and Native American youth, who are most likely to view the police as dishonest?

A

African Americans

67
Q

In Fare v. Michael C., the Court ruled that a juvenile asking for a _____ is not equivalent to asking for an attorney.

A

probation officer

68
Q

Which perspective holds that police are likely to act paternally toward young girls and not arrest them?

A

chivalry hypothesis

69
Q

Which policing approach encourages police officers to get out of their patrol cars and spend more time out on the streets?

A

community policing

SOC 3410 (10 decks)

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