Chapter 12 Flashcards
Specialized police services for juveniles is a …phenomenon
recent
(Historical) Pledge system:
Neighbors protect each other
(Historical) Watch system:
Created to police larger communities
(Historical) Bobbies:
First organized police force in London, in 1829
(Historical) Sheriff:
In the American colonies
Historical development of working with juveniles
Delinquency control squads
Law Enforcement Assistance Administration
Juvenile police officer
Primary responsibility of police:
protection of the public
…teens rated the police less favorably than all other racial groups
African American
Juveniles with…police contact hold…favorable attitudes toward police
prior; less
Juvenile crime victims are much..likely than adult victims to contact the police
less
The true role of juvenile officer exists somewhere between…and…
law enforcer; delinquency prevention worker
Juveniles account for…of all violent crime arrests
11%
Violent crime includes
homicide, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, and kidnapping
Police experiment with various methods of violent juvenile crime control:
Directed patrols of hot spots
Proactive arrests of serious offenders
Problem oriented policing: addressing the problems underlying incidents of juvenile delinquency rather than the incidents alone
Improving community connections is essential to combating
violent juvenile crime
Arrest of juveniles requires:
probable cause
The main difference between arrests of adults and juveniles is the
broader latitude police have to control youthful behavior
In loco parentis
“In place of the parent”, serves as basis for taking juveniles into custody
Search and seizure:
Most courts have held that the 4th amendment ban applies to juveniles and that illegally seized evidence is inadmissible in a juvenile trial
Arizona v. Gant (2009)
A person may be searched after a legal arrest, but only in the immediate area of the suspect’s control
Miranda v. Arizona (1966, custodial interrogation):
The right to remain silent
Any statement they make can be used against the juvenile
The right to counsel
If the defendant cannot afford counsel, it will be furnished at the public expense Miranda rights apply to children taken into custody
In re Gault (1967, custodial interrogation)
Stated that constitutional privileges against self-incrimination are applicable in juvenile cases too
Most court hold that parents or attorneys need not be present for children to effectively waive their rights
The general rule is that juveniles can waive their right to protection from self-incrimination, but the validity of this waiver is determined case by case
Fare v. Michael C. and California v. Prysock
Clarifies children’s rights when they are interrogated by the police
Juveniles enjoy…procedural protections as adults
nearly identical
Factors affecting police discretion:
Formal action:
Fair and just manner The seriousness of the crime The situation in which it occurred Legal record of the juvenile Will likely occur if the crime is serious and has been reported by a victim who is a respected member of the community, and if the offender is well known to them
Environmental factors of police discretion:
Norms of the community
Community alternatives to police intervention
Police policy (police discretion):
Directives
Voter satisfaction
Pressure from supervisors
Procedural justice:
An evaluation of the fairness of the manner in which an offender’s or another group’s problem or dispute was handled by police
Situational factors of police discretion:
The attitudes of the complainant and offender
The type and seriousness of the offense The race, sex, and age of the offender
The offender’s prior contacts with the police
The perceived willingness of the parents to assist in solving the problem (in the case of a child)
The setting or location in which the incident occurs
Whether the offender denies the actions or insists on a court hearing (in the case of a child)
The likelihood that a child can be served by an agency in the community
Racial bias shown to be present in system, especially for…youth
African American
“Driving While Black”
term that has been coined to refer to the repeated findings of many studies that African American drivers are disproportionately stopped by police and that race is the primary reason for this practice.Footnote
…suggests gender bias in favor of young girls is present in the system
Chivalry hypothesis
Others believe that police are more likely to arrest…offenders because their actions violate officers’ stereotypes of the…
female
Stereotypes of…often result in biased police discretion and actions when crimes occur in these areas
lower class neighborhoods
Aggressive law enforcement
Prevention including saturation patrols, targeting gang members, arresting gang members for any violations
Police in schools
School resource officers, GREAT, DARE, Community Outreach through Police in Schools
Community policing
Several initiatives: encourage officers to get out of their cars and do foot or bicycle patrols
Problem-oriented policing
Involves systematic analysis and response to problems underlying criminal behavior; SARA
There are many problems associated with addressing juvenile offenders:
Witness intimidation
Racial profiling
Poor relations with communities
Future strategies of addressing juvenile offenders include:
Use of “soft” technologies such as IT systems
Using various forms of surveillance technology such as closed-circuit television (CCTV)
Community-based policing services, police in schools, problem-oriented policing
Juveniles account for what percent of all violent crime arrests?
11 percent
Which of the following is the legal standard that allows the police to make an arrest for felonies they did not witness?
Probable cause
…teens are more likely than…teens to be arrested for status offenses.
female; male
What U.S. Supreme Court case made the Miranda warning applicable to juveniles taken into custody?
in re Gault
Which system of policing was created in larger communities in which men were organized in church parishes to patrol areas at night and guard against disturbances and breaches of the peace?
watch system
The most famous police reformer of the 1930s was _____.
August Vollmer
Which agency was set up to fund justice-related programs, thus developing hundreds of new police programs and services for children?
Law Enforcement Assistance Administration
Which movement partnered police with concerned citizens in order to maintain order?
community policing
The conflicts that arise from the desire to perform what police consider their primary duty, law enforcement, and the need to aid in the rehabilitation of youthful offenders is known as _____.
role conflict
What percent of all juvenile arrests are handled informally?
23 percent
_____ of African American youths believe that police are honest compared to _____ of European Americans.
Fifteen percent; 57 percent
Juveniles account for _____ of all violent crime arrests.
11 percent
What is required in order for police to have a legal basis to make an arrest?
probable cause
Which Constitutional Amendment gives the right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures?
Fourth Amendment
In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the police may search a vehicle incident to a recent occupant’s arrest only if the arrestee is within reaching distance of the passenger compartment at the time of the search or it is reasonable to believe the vehicle contains evidence of the offense of arrest?
Arizona v. Gant
In which case did the court rule that the question of a child’s waiver of their rights is to be determined by the totality of the circumstances doctrine?
People v. Lara
In which case did the court rule that Miranda stated in different words and out of context is adequate warning to a juvenile?
California v. Prysock
Approximately what portion of all juvenile arrests are referred to juvenile court?
68 percent
A study in St. Louis, Missouri revealed that an increased use of stop-and-frisks in inner cities has resulted in _____.
an erosion in procedural justice
What percent of African American juveniles were arrested for forcible rape in 2013?
34 percent
Which police program is school-based with the objective of immunizing against delinquency, youth violence, and gang membership?
G.R.E.A.T.
The problem-oriented policing model known as SARA stands for _____.
Scanning, Analysis, Response, and Assessment
Which police program aims to reduce youth homicide victimization and youth gun violence, especially in attempting to deter gang violence?
Operation Ceasefire
An aggressive police tactic in which police patrol aggressively and target a specific pattern of delinquency is known as _____.
saturation patrol
The first organized police force was established in _____ in 1829.
London
Among African American, Asian, Hispanic, and Native American youth, who are most likely to view the police as dishonest?
African Americans
In Fare v. Michael C., the Court ruled that a juvenile asking for a _____ is not equivalent to asking for an attorney.
probation officer
Which perspective holds that police are likely to act paternally toward young girls and not arrest them?
chivalry hypothesis
Which policing approach encourages police officers to get out of their patrol cars and spend more time out on the streets?
community policing