Chapter 7 Flashcards
The traditional family is a thing of the
past
What percent of underage minors now live in two-parent families?
68%
85% of…children live with two parents
Asian
What percent of white children live with two parents?
75%
What percent of Hispanic children live with two parents?
58%
35% of…children live with two parents
black
Today, more than…of teens who give birth are unmarried
90%
Conger’s research on the effects of economic stress on the family revealed that adverse consequences can be mitigated when
parents remain supportive of one another and demonstrate effective problem-solving skills
Research indicates that parents…produce children who are secure and independent
whose marriage is secure
The nuclear family that is the product of divorce and remarriage is called a
blended family
Research examining the association between divorce and delinquency has found that…
children growing up in families disrupted by parental death are better adjusted than children of divorce
In examining gender-specific effects of divorce, research has found that…
boys seem to be more affected by the post-divorce absence of the father
Renner found that children are more likely to externalize negative behavior when they…
witness intrafamily violence
Research reveals that children who are conflict prone…
may help to destabilize the home
Which term refers to the nonaccidental physical injury of children by their parents or guardians?
battered child syndrome
Shaken-baby syndrome, a form of child abuse, affects as many as…children every year
1600
Research shows that child abuse is present in the histories of the vast majority of people who have been diagnosed with
dissociative identity disorder
Of the approximately…child maltreatment facilities each year, 70 percent occur among children younger than age…
1600, three
An attorney for the social services agency presents an overview of the case and can negotiate a plea bargain or consent decree at the…
pretrial conference
The Victims of Child Abuse Act of 1990 allows children to use…when testifying in federal courts to demonstrate happenings they cannot describe verbally
anatomically correct dolls
Children of which group have been raised in cultures where divorce is rare and parents have less experience in developing child-rearing practices that buffer the effects of family breakup on adolescent problem behavior?
Hispanic Americans
The process by which abused kids become abusers themselves is known as…
a cycle of violence
With the changing modern family dynamic, about…of all mothers of school-age children are employed
70 percent
Among children who live with one parent, what percentage lives with their mother?
87 percent
Research shows that by age 14, when compared to the children of older moms, the offspring of teen mothers were more likely to have…
disturbed psychological behavior
Divorce decreases antisocial behavior among children when the…
father engages in high levels of antisocial behavior
Fifty years ago, Nye found that a child’s perception of his or her…is a significant predictor of delinquency
parents’ marital happiness
David Huh and colleagues studied the determinants of perceived parental support and control on problem behaviors and found strong evidence that…
increases in adolescent behavioral problems undermine parenting effectiveness
In which case did the US Supreme Court rule that the due process clause of the Constitution protects against government interference with certain fundamental rights and liberty interests, including parents’ fundamental right to make decisions concerning the care, custody, and control of their children?
Troxel vs. Granville
Even in states that mandate registration and inspection of family day care providers, it is estimated that…percent or more of the facilities operate “underground”
90
Three of the primary intervention components of the Homebuilders model are engaging and motivating family members; conducting holistic, behavioral assessments of strengths and problems; and…
developing outcome based goals
Regarding the abuse-delinquency link, factors associated with abuse (i.e., chaotic family environment, mental health problems, behavioral problems, and school problems)…
may actually trigger tough punishments
Kids born into single-parent homes are more likely to
live in poverty and to experience long-term physical and social difficulties
There are…teenage moms in the population today, due to…
fewer; birth control and the legalization of abortion
What percent of children ages 0-4 with employed moms are cared for by a relative
49
What percent of children are cared for in a formal daycare or center?
24
What percent of children are cared for by a non-relative in a home based environment?
11
Although some states mandate registration and inspection of daycare providers, …percent operate “underground”
90
Children from working families are more likely to suffer from
inadequate child care
According to Polakow, lack of access to affordable high-quality child care is related to
family poverty, joblessness, and homelessness
About…youth live in poverty?
7 million
Poor families can expect…government aid in the coming years
less
The…is the primary unit in which children learn the values and attitudes that guide their actions
family
Family disruption or changes can have a
long lasting effect
Four categories of family dysfunction promote delinquency
families disrupted by spousal conflict or breakup; families involved in interpersonal conflict; ineffective parents who lack proper parenting skills; families that contain deviant parents
Four categories of family dysfunction promote delinquency (simplified)
Family breakup, family conflict, family effectiveness, family deviance
Children who have experienced family breakup are more likely to demonstrate
behavior problems
According to some sociologists, children who grow up apart from their biological fathers are typically…adjusted than children who grow up with both biological parents
less
Regarding children in divorces, in some cases, divorce
reduces stress and insulates kids from exposure to harmful parents
The connection between parental conflict and delinquency was established 50 years ago by…
F. Ivan Nye
Contemporary studies have found that children who grow up in maladapted homes and witness violence, later exhibit…
emotional disturbance and behavior problems
Adolescents who are incarcerated report growing up in
dysfunctional homes
Parents of beyond control youth have been found to be
inconsistent rule setters
Delinquency will be reduced if parents have
parental efficacy
parental efficacy
families in which parents are able to integrate their children into the household unit while at the same time helping them assert their individuality and regulate their own behavior
F. Ivan Nye found that mothers who threatened discipline but failed to carry it out, were
more likely to raise delinquent children than those who were consistent
Poor child/parent communications have been related to activities such as
running away and entering the ranks of homelessness
resource dilution
a condition that occurs when parents have such large families that their resources, such as time and money, are spread too thin, causing lack of familial support and control
The causes of intergenerational deviance is uncertain, a number of factors may play a role:
genetic factors, parental substance abuse, parental skills (especially of those incarcerated), parental absence, stigma associated with parental deviance
Research shows that if one sibling is delinquent, there is a
significant likelihood that his sibling will engage in delinquent behavior
Efforts to deal with child abuse did not begin until…in the US, with the case of…
1874; Mary Ellen
Battered child syndrome-Kempe (1962)
nonaccidental physical injury of children by their parents or guardians
Child abuse is defined as
any physical or emotional trauma to a child for which no reasonable explanation can be found
Neglect refers to
suffering at the hands of parents, i.e. lack of food, shelter, health care, and love
Physical neglect
parental failure to provide adequate food, shelter, medical care, or protection from physical abuse for their children
Emotional abuse
constant criticism and rejection of the child
Physical abuse
deliberately disfiguring, injuring a child
Emotional neglect
inadequate nurturing, inattention to a child’s emotional development, lack of concern about maladaptive behavior
Abandonment
parents leave their children with the intention of severing the parent-child relationship
Sexual abuse
exploitation of children through rape, incest, or molestation by family members, parents,, friends, or legal guardians
Adolescent victims of sexual abuse are particularly at risk for
stress and anxiety
It is…to estimate the extent of child abuse
almost impossible
Studies done by Gelles and Straus (1979, 1988) estimated that between…were subject to physical abuse from their parents
1.4 and 1.9 million
Studies done by Gelles and Straus (1979, 1988) found that the incidence of severe violence toward children had
declined due to a decrease in parental approval of corporal punishment
Boys and girls have…chance of being victimized
an almost equal
…children suffer much higher rates of child abuse than European American, Hispanic, and Asian children
Pacific Islander and American Indian
…of victims were maltreated by a parent either acting alone or someone else
4/5
An additional…percent of maltreated children are subject to sexual abuse
9
Factors associated with child abuse
parents who themselves suffered abuse; the presence of an unrelated adult increases the risk of abuse; isolated and alienated families tend to become abusive; substance abuse, stepparents and abuse, social class and abuse
The US Supreme Court ruled that the due process clause of the Constitution protects against government interference with certain fundamental rights, including parents’ right to make decisions concerning the care, custody, and control of their children in what case?
Troxel vs. Granville (2000)
In 1974, Congress passed the
Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA)
If the allegation of child abuse is confirmed, the child may be placed in
protective custody
When an abuse or neglect petition is prosecuted, an…is held
advisement hearing
If the parent denies the petition in an advisement hearing, the case is continued for a
pretrial conference
Research has shown that no more than…actually reach the trial process
10 cases out of every 100
The most crucial part of an abuse or neglect proceeding is the
disposition hearing
disposition hearing
The social service agency presents its case plan and recommendations for care of the child and treatment of the parents, including incarceration and counseling or other treatment.
Balancing-of-the-interests approach
The courts is to balance the parents’ natural right to raise a child with the child’s right to grow into adulthood free from abuse
The most significant problems associated with abuse cases
is the trauma a child must go through in a court hearing
Innovative methods of testimony for a child abuse case
Videotaped statement, CCTV, anatomically correct dolls, hearsay
Two legal issues in child abuse cases
Ability of physicians and mental health professionals to testify about statements made to them by children; The way children testify in court
Being the target of abuse increases the likelihood of arrest as a juvenile by…, as an adult by…, and for a violent crime by…
59%; 28%; 30%
At the ____________________, the social service agency presents its case plan, which includes visitation plans, services, or other conditions of the formal agreement.
disposition hearing
Delinquency will be reduced if parents provide the type of structure that integrates children into families, while giving them the ability to assert their individuality and regulate their own behavior, a phenomenon referred to as __________.
parental efficacy
___________________ is manifested by constant criticism and rejection of the child by the parents.
emotional abuse
The ______ child may suffer the most from resource dilution.
middle
What statement about child care is false according to the text?
a. A relative primarily cares for about 49 percent of children ages 0–4 with employed mothers.
b. Several states neither license nor monitor private providers of day care.
c. Like many other Western countries, the United States provides universal day care to working mothers.
d. Children from working poor families are most likely to suffer from inadequate child care.
c. Like many other Western countries, the United States provides universal day care to working mothers.
