Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Adolescence

A

Period following the onset of puberty during which a young person develops from a child into an adult
• One hundred years ago, adolescence began around age 15 and lasted a few months.
• Now adolescence lasts a decade or more.

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2
Q
Emerging adulthood
(Adolescence)
A

A separate period from adolescence called emerging adulthood has been identified.
– Social sciences

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3
Q

Puberty

A

the time in life when a boy or girl becomes sexually mature.
• Is the time between the first onrush of hormones and full adult physical development
• Usually lasting three to five years
• Many more years are required to achieve psychosocial maturity.

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4
Q

Average ages and changes

Puberty

A

Usually between ages 10 and 14 for girls and ages 12 and 16 for boys.

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5
Q

Menarche

Puberty

A

Girl’s first menstrual period, signaling that she has begun ovulation

  • Pregnancy is biologically possible but ovulation and menstruation are often irregular for years after menarche.
  • Average age—about 12.5 years for normal-weight girls
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6
Q

Spermarche

Puberty

A

Boy’s first ejaculation of sperm

• Erections can occur as early as infancy, but ejaculation
signals sperm production
• Average age—just under 13 years

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7
Q

Hormones

Puberty

A

Body chemicals produced by the body to regulate many
biological processes.

  • Various hormones influence thoughts, urges, emotions, and behavior.
  • Hormones may underlie differences in psychopathology.
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8
Q

Gonads

Puberty Begins

A

Paired sex glands (ovaries in females, testicles in males).

• Gonads produce hormones and gametes.

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9
Q

Estradiol

Puberty Begins

A

Sex hormone, considered the chief estrogen. Females produce more estradiol than males do.

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10
Q

Testosterone

Puberty Begins

A

Sex hormone, the best known of the androgens (male hormones). Secreted in far greater amounts by males than by females.

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11
Q

Circadian rhythm

Body Rhythms

A

Day-night cycle of biological activity occurs approximately every 24 hours (circadian means “about a day”).
• Hormones cause a phase delay in sleep-wake cycles.
• Biology (circadian rhythms) and culture (parties and technology) work to make teenagers increasingly sleep-deprived with each year of high school.

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12
Q

Genes and gender

Reasons for Variations

A

About two-thirds of the variation in age of puberty is genetic.

• Genes on the sex chromosomes have a marked effect on age of puberty
onset.
• Girls generally develop ahead of boys.

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13
Q

Fat

Reasons for Variations

A

Children who have a relatively large proportion of body fat experience puberty sooner than do their thin contemporaries.

  • Hormone affects appetite and is believed to be involved in the onset of puberty.
  • In both sexes, chronic malnutrition delays puberty.
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14
Q

Stress

Reasons for Variations

A

Stress hastens (speeds up) the hormonal onset of puberty.
• Sick, drug-addicted, or divorced parents
• Violent and impoverished neighborhood
• Sexual abuse
• High level of family conflict
• International adoption at later age

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15
Q

Too early, too late

Puberty Begins

A
  • Early-maturing GIRLS tend to have lower self-esteem, more depression, and poorer body image than later-maturing girls.
  • Early-maturing BOYS are more aggressive, law-breaking, and alcohol-abusing than later- maturing boys.
  • Slow developing boys tend to be more anxious, depressed, and afraid of sex.
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16
Q

Growth spurt

Becoming a Grown-Up

A

The rapid and intense increase in the rate of growth in height and weight that occurs during the adolescent stage of the human life cycle.
– Growth spurt is noted in the long bones of the body and most other skeletal systems
– Height spurt follows the increase in body fat, and then a muscle spurt occurs.

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17
Q

Growth spurt: Physical Changes

Becoming a Grown-Up

A
  • Lungs triple in weight; consequently, adolescents breathe more deeply and slowly.
  • Heart doubles in size and the heartbeat slows, decreasing the pulse rate while increasing blood pressure.
18
Q

Skin and hair

Becoming a Grown-Up

A

• Skin becomes oilier, sweatier, and more prone to acne.
• Hair on the head and limbs becomes coarser and darker.
• New hair grows under arms, on faces, and over external sex organs.
– In many ways, hair is more than a growth characteristic; it becomes a display of sexuality

19
Q

Primary sex characteristics

Sexual Maturation

A

Parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction, including the vagina, uterus, ovaries, testicles, and penis.

20
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

Sexual Maturation

A

Observable physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity, such as a man’s beard and a woman’s breasts.

21
Q

Nutrients missing

Nutrition

A
  • Only 16% of high school seniors eat recommended vegetable servings creating deficiency in intake of necessary vitamins or minerals.
  • Menstruation and intensive physical labor or sports participation may deplete iron (iron-deficiency anemia).
22
Q

Body image

Body Dissatisfaction

A

Person’s idea of how his or her body looks
– Girls diet partly because boys tend to prefer to date thin girls.
– Boys want to look taller and stronger partly because girls value well-developed muscles in males.

23
Q

Self-acceptance

Body Dissatisfaction

A
•  Self-acceptance is difficult
•  New changes may contribute to: 
–  Distorted body image
–  Food obsession
–  Depression
–  Unhealthy consequences
24
Q

Obesity

Eating Disorders

A
  • Disorder at every age
  • Rates falling in childhood but increasing in adolescence
  • 2013: 15% of high school students in 22 states were obese.
25
Q

Dieting

Eating Disorders

A
  • Erratic eating or ingesting drugs (especially diet pills) to lose weight
  • Taking steroids to increase muscle mass
26
Q

Anorexia nervosa

Eating Disorders

A

Eating disorder characterized by self-starvation.
• Affected individuals voluntarily under-eat and often
over-exercise, depriving their vital organs of nutrition.
• Anorexia can be fatal.

27
Q

Bulimia nervosa

Eating Disorders

A

Eating disorder characterized by binge eating and subsequent purging, usually by induced vomiting and/or use of laxatives.
• In 2013, within previous 6-month period, 6.6% of U.S. high school girls and 2.2% of boys vomited or took laxatives for weight loss.

28
Q

Binge eating disorder

Eating Disorders

A

Eating disorder characterized by periodic and compulsive
overeating until stomach hurts
• Eating done secretly at least weekly for months; no purging
• Sufferer feels out of control, distressed, and depressed.

29
Q

Formal operational thought: Piaget

Cognitive Development

A

Fourth and final stage of cognitive development

• Characterized by more systematic logic and the ability to think about abstract ideas

30
Q
Adolescent egocentrism
(Thinking About Oneself: Assumptions that have no relation to reality)
A

A characteristic of adolescent thinking that leads young people to believe in their own uniqueness and to imagine that other people are also focused on them.

31
Q

Personal fable

Thinking About Oneself: Assumptions that have no relation to reality

A

Aspect of adolescent egocentrism characterized by an adolescent’s belief that his or her thoughts, feelings, or experiences are unique, more wonderful or awful than anyone else’s.

32
Q

Invincibility fable

Thinking About Oneself: Assumptions that have no relation to reality

A

Adolescent’s egocentric conviction that he or she cannot be overcome or even harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal, such as unprotected sex, drug abuse, or high-speed driving.

33
Q

Imaginary audience

Thinking About Oneself: Assumptions that have no relation to reality

A

Other people who, in an adolescent’s egocentric belief, are watching and taking note of his or her appearance, ideas, and behavior. This belief makes many teenagers self-conscious.

34
Q

Deductive reasoning

Cognitive Development

A

Reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principle, through logical steps, to figure out (deduce)
– Sometimes called top-down reasoning

35
Q

Inductive reasoning

Cognitive Development

A

Reasoning from one or more specific experiences or facts to a general conclusion; may be less cognitively advanced than deduction
– Sometimes called bottom-up reasoning

36
Q

Hypothetical thought

Cognitive Development

A

Reasoning that includes

propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality

37
Q

Dual-process model

Two Modes of Thinking

A

The idea that two modes of thinking exist within the human brain, one for intuitive emotional responses and one for analytical reasoning

38
Q

Intuitive thought

Cognitive Development

A

Thought that arises from an emotion or a hunch, beyond rational explanation, and is influenced by past experiences and cultural assumptions

39
Q

Analytic thought

Cognitive Development

A
  • Thought that results from analysis, such as a systematic ranking of pros and cons, risks and consequences, possibilities and facts
  • Analytic thought depends on logic and rationality.
40
Q

Sexting

A

• Involves sending sexual photographs

– Estimated 30 percent of adolescents have sent sexual photographs.

41
Q

Dangers

Sexting

A

– Forwarding pictures without sender’s knowledge

– Experiencing depression if the reaction is negative