Chapter 9 Flashcards
Name the first phase of the cell cycle and what it includes
G1 and G0, S, G2
An orderly set of stages that takes place between the time a eukaryotic cell divides and the time the resulting daughter cells also divide is
Cell cycle
Mitotic stage which is the second part of the cell cycle includes
Prophase, pro metaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis (which occurs the same as anaphase and telophase)
Neoplasm is
Abnormal growth of cells
Characteristics of cancer cells
Lack differentiation, are immortal, have abnormal nuclei, don’t undergo apoptosis, lack contact inhibition, are invasive, and undergo metagenesis and angiogenesis
Examples of cells in G0 that do not finish the cell cycle because they don’t divide to produce daughter cells are
Neurons and muscle cell
Cell is actively preparing for mitosis, needs twice as many organelles, and spends most of its time in
Interphase
The cell will need twice as much dna, Dna replication produces another complete set of chromosomes
S stage or synthesis stage
Chromatin loosely coiled DNA and some organizational proteins is
Euchromatin
Explain G1 checkpoint
Control mechanisms will stop the cell cycle here, DNA damage is a signal to stop the cell cycle
During s phase, the double stranded dna replicates and the chromatin condenses to become the tightly coiled dna in chromosomes is
Heterochromatin
An important stop signal to for the G1 checkpoint, and can cause the cell to undergo the process of apoptosis
P53
If dna replication did not occur correctly, the cell cycle can be stopped here
G2 checkpoint
Programmed cell death
Apoptosis
Proteins that form a core for DNA to wrap around
Histones
Nucleosome is
DNA wrapped around the core
The cell synthesized proteins that are needed for cell division-microtubules are an important example of needed proteins. Spindle fibers are microtubules that were constructed by the centrosome. What stage is this
G2 stage
Name the phases of mitosis
Prophase, pro metaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
Necessary during development so the body can reorganize the shape of tissues and organs, and allows the cell to fragment into membrane bound pieces that are less dangerous to the organism and easier to clean up
Apoptosis
Daughter cells are reforming the nuclear membrane, nucleoli reappear, chromosome uncoil to become chromatin, opposite of prophase and cells get ready for interphase activities is the description of
Telophase
Chromosomes align at the center of the cell this is now the ______ _______.
Metaphase plate
Centrosomes are at the poles of the cell occurs during
Metaphase
Describe Anaphase
Sister chromatids are separated at the centromere and are pulled to the opposite side of the cell
The kinetochore of each chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber, chromosomes are moving to the center of the cell is part of
Late prometaphase
Centrosome have duplicated and began to migrate to the poles of the cell. Nuclear envelope breaking into filaments, chromatin condensing to chromosomes. This is
Early prophase
Centrosome are closer to the poles, nucleolus disappears, spindle fibers are forming and this is
Mid prophase
Pair of barrel shaped organelles
Centrioles
Array of short microtubules
Asters
______ (body) cells undergo mitosis and cytokinesis for development, growth, and repair.
Somatic
Two sets of chromosomes of each type and found in all the non-sex cells of an organism’s body. Ex: crayfish 200 humans 46
diploid number
Microtubules are made of the protein
Tubulin
Indents the plasma membrane between the two daughter nuclei, and deepens as band of actin filaments constricts between the two daughter cells
Cleavage furrow
Found in sex cells and contains one of each kind chromosome is ______ ______. An example of this
Haploid number
ex: crayfish 100 or humans 23
Explain the mitotic spindle
Pulls apart the sister chromatids, made of microtubules, organized by centrosomes, organized by centrosomes (microtubules organizing center, divide before mitosis begins-so daughter cells each receive one, contains centrioles and aster in animal cells)
Plant in meristematic tissue in tips of roots and shoots of stems retains ability to divide throughout life, stages are exactly the same as in animal cells, have centrosome and spindle but no formation of centrioles or asters is
Mitosis in plant cells
Agents that cause cancer
Radiation-U-V light & X-Rays
Organic chemicals-tobacco smoke, pesticides
Certain viruses
When metastasis spreads new tumors distant from the primary tumor
Malignancy
Proteins coded for directly and indirectly stimulate the cell cycle and is likened to an accelerator
Proto-oncogenes
When mutated and cancer causing
Oncogene
Disorganized (anaplasia) but encapsulated, and does not invade adjacent tissue
Benign
Proteins coded for directly, inhibit cell cycle, if mutated cell division unchecked, also liked to brakes
Tumor suppressor genes
Include bacteria and archaea, lack a nucleus, lack other membranous organelles is
Prokaryotic cell structure
Contains DNA and associated proteins, in nucleotide region, shape when stretched out is
Prokaryotic chromosome
When cell is approximately twice its original length, the plasma membrane grows inward: a new cell wall forms, dividing the cell into approximately equal daughter cells is
Completing binary fission
Get shorter with each cell division and signal senescence
Telomeres
An enzyme that keeps telomeres and is active in cancer
Telomerase
