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Bio 111 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name the first phase of the cell cycle and what it includes

A

G1 and G0, S, G2

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2
Q

An orderly set of stages that takes place between the time a eukaryotic cell divides and the time the resulting daughter cells also divide is

A

Cell cycle

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3
Q

Mitotic stage which is the second part of the cell cycle includes

A

Prophase, pro metaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis (which occurs the same as anaphase and telophase)

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4
Q

Neoplasm is

A

Abnormal growth of cells

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5
Q

Characteristics of cancer cells

A

Lack differentiation, are immortal, have abnormal nuclei, don’t undergo apoptosis, lack contact inhibition, are invasive, and undergo metagenesis and angiogenesis

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6
Q

Examples of cells in G0 that do not finish the cell cycle because they don’t divide to produce daughter cells are

A

Neurons and muscle cell

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7
Q

Cell is actively preparing for mitosis, needs twice as many organelles, and spends most of its time in

A

Interphase

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8
Q

The cell will need twice as much dna, Dna replication produces another complete set of chromosomes

A

S stage or synthesis stage

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9
Q

Chromatin loosely coiled DNA and some organizational proteins is

A

Euchromatin

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10
Q

Explain G1 checkpoint

A

Control mechanisms will stop the cell cycle here, DNA damage is a signal to stop the cell cycle

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11
Q

During s phase, the double stranded dna replicates and the chromatin condenses to become the tightly coiled dna in chromosomes is

A

Heterochromatin

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12
Q

An important stop signal to for the G1 checkpoint, and can cause the cell to undergo the process of apoptosis

A

P53

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13
Q

If dna replication did not occur correctly, the cell cycle can be stopped here

A

G2 checkpoint

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14
Q

Programmed cell death

A

Apoptosis

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15
Q

Proteins that form a core for DNA to wrap around

A

Histones

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16
Q

Nucleosome is

A

DNA wrapped around the core

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17
Q

The cell synthesized proteins that are needed for cell division-microtubules are an important example of needed proteins. Spindle fibers are microtubules that were constructed by the centrosome. What stage is this

A

G2 stage

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18
Q

Name the phases of mitosis

A

Prophase, pro metaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

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19
Q

Necessary during development so the body can reorganize the shape of tissues and organs, and allows the cell to fragment into membrane bound pieces that are less dangerous to the organism and easier to clean up

A

Apoptosis

20
Q

Daughter cells are reforming the nuclear membrane, nucleoli reappear, chromosome uncoil to become chromatin, opposite of prophase and cells get ready for interphase activities is the description of

A

Telophase

21
Q

Chromosomes align at the center of the cell this is now the ______ _______.

A

Metaphase plate

22
Q

Centrosomes are at the poles of the cell occurs during

A

Metaphase

23
Q

Describe Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids are separated at the centromere and are pulled to the opposite side of the cell

24
Q

The kinetochore of each chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber, chromosomes are moving to the center of the cell is part of

A

Late prometaphase

25
Q

Centrosome have duplicated and began to migrate to the poles of the cell. Nuclear envelope breaking into filaments, chromatin condensing to chromosomes. This is

A

Early prophase

26
Q

Centrosome are closer to the poles, nucleolus disappears, spindle fibers are forming and this is

A

Mid prophase

27
Q

Pair of barrel shaped organelles

A

Centrioles

28
Q

Array of short microtubules

A

Asters

29
Q

______ (body) cells undergo mitosis and cytokinesis for development, growth, and repair.

A

Somatic

30
Q

Two sets of chromosomes of each type and found in all the non-sex cells of an organism’s body. Ex: crayfish 200 humans 46

A

diploid number

31
Q

Microtubules are made of the protein

A

Tubulin

32
Q

Indents the plasma membrane between the two daughter nuclei, and deepens as band of actin filaments constricts between the two daughter cells

A

Cleavage furrow

33
Q

Found in sex cells and contains one of each kind chromosome is ______ ______. An example of this

A

Haploid number

ex: crayfish 100 or humans 23

34
Q

Explain the mitotic spindle

A

Pulls apart the sister chromatids, made of microtubules, organized by centrosomes, organized by centrosomes (microtubules organizing center, divide before mitosis begins-so daughter cells each receive one, contains centrioles and aster in animal cells)

35
Q

Plant in meristematic tissue in tips of roots and shoots of stems retains ability to divide throughout life, stages are exactly the same as in animal cells, have centrosome and spindle but no formation of centrioles or asters is

A

Mitosis in plant cells

36
Q

Agents that cause cancer

A

Radiation-U-V light & X-Rays
Organic chemicals-tobacco smoke, pesticides
Certain viruses

37
Q

When metastasis spreads new tumors distant from the primary tumor

A

Malignancy

38
Q

Proteins coded for directly and indirectly stimulate the cell cycle and is likened to an accelerator

A

Proto-oncogenes

39
Q

When mutated and cancer causing

A

Oncogene

40
Q

Disorganized (anaplasia) but encapsulated, and does not invade adjacent tissue

A

Benign

41
Q

Proteins coded for directly, inhibit cell cycle, if mutated cell division unchecked, also liked to brakes

A

Tumor suppressor genes

42
Q

Include bacteria and archaea, lack a nucleus, lack other membranous organelles is

A

Prokaryotic cell structure

43
Q

Contains DNA and associated proteins, in nucleotide region, shape when stretched out is

A

Prokaryotic chromosome

44
Q

When cell is approximately twice its original length, the plasma membrane grows inward: a new cell wall forms, dividing the cell into approximately equal daughter cells is

A

Completing binary fission

45
Q

Get shorter with each cell division and signal senescence

A

Telomeres

46
Q

An enzyme that keeps telomeres and is active in cancer

A

Telomerase

Bio 111 (8 decks)

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