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Genetics > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

genomics

A

the study of genomes

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2
Q

human genome project

A

initiated to sequence and analyze the human genome in conjunction with the genomes of several model organisms

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3
Q

genome

A

the total digital information contained within the DNA sequences of an organism’s chromosomes

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4
Q

restriction enzymes

A

recognizes a specific sequence of bases anywhere within the genome and then severs two phosphodiester bonds at that sequence, one in the sugar phosphate backbone of each strand

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5
Q

restriction fragments

A

fragments generated by restriction enzymes

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6
Q

digestions

A

the act of cutting

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7
Q

what are the two ways that most enzymes cut a DNA sequence?

A
  1. straight through both DNA strands right at the line of symmetry to produce fragments with blunt ends
  2. or displaced equally in opposite direction from the line of symmetry by one or more bases to generate fragments with single-stranded ends (protruding single strand–> sticky end)
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8
Q

Sticky ends

A

protruding single strand that are free to base pair with complementary sequence from the DNA of any organisms cut by the same restriction enzyme

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9
Q

What formula do you use to estimate the average distance between recognition sites of any length?

A

4^n

n= the number of bases in the site

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10
Q

electrophoresis

A

the movement of charged molecules in an electric field

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11
Q

What is the charge of a DNA’s backbone?

A

negative

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12
Q

What variables determine the rate at which DNA molecules move during electrophoresis?

A
  1. strength of the electric field applied across the gel
  2. compositon of the gel
  3. the charge per unit volume of molecule
  4. the physical size of the molecule
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13
Q

What are two different kinds of gels used in gel electrophoresis?

A

Polyacrylamide–> distinguishes small DNA fragments

Agarose –> suitable for looking at larger fragments up to 20 kb

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14
Q

the process that uses living cells both to isolate a single fragment of DNA from a complex mixture and to man many exact replicas of that fragment

A

molecular cloning

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15
Q

What are the two steps of molecular cloning?

A
  1. DNA fragments are inserted into cloning vectors
  2. Second, the combined vector-insert molecules are transported into living cells and the cells make many copies of these molecules
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16
Q

cloning vectors

A

specialized chromosome-like carriers which ensure the transport, replication, and purification of individual DNA inserts.

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17
Q

DNA clone

A

a group of replicated DNA molecules that are all identical

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18
Q

Why does a vector need to contain two specialized DNA sequences?

A

One sequence is to provide a means of replication for the vector and the foreign DNA inserted into it and the second to signal the vector’s presence

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19
Q

recombinant DNA molecule

A

created by the cutting and splicing together of vectors and inserted fragments– DNA from two different origins

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20
Q

What two characteristics of single-stranded sticky ends provide a basis for efficient production of a vector-insert recombinant?

A
  1. the ends are available for base pairing
  2. no matter what the origin of the DNA, two stick ends produced with the same enzyme are always compatible, or complementary in sequence
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21
Q

What function does the enzyme ligase have in making recombinant DNA molecule?

A

Stabilizes the molecule by forming phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides (one from the vector and one from the genomic DNA inserts)

22
Q

plasmids

A

the simplest vectors that are circles of double stranded DNA

23
Q

antibiotic resistance genes and other vector genes that make it possible to pick out cells harboring a particular DNA molecule

A

selectable markers

24
Q

artificial chromosomes

A

recombinant DNA molecules that combine replication and segregation elements in such a way that they behave like normal chromosomes when introduced into a host cell

25
Q

What is transformation?

A

the process by which a cell or organism takes up a foreign DNA molecule, changing the genetic characteristics of that cell or organism

26
Q

cellular clone

A

a group of identical cells derived from the same cell

27
Q

DNA clone

A

the millions of identical plasmid molecules contained within a colony

28
Q

genomic library

A

a long lived collection of cellular clones that contains copies of every sequence in the whole genome inserted into a suitable vector

29
Q

What enzyme catalyzes DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase

30
Q

What are the minimal requirements for DNA polymerase?

A
  1. a template; a single strand of DNA to copy
  2. deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and dTTP)
  3. a primer; short single stranded DNA molecule that is complimentary to part of the template and that provides the free 3’ end to which DNA polymerase can attach new nucleotides
31
Q

hybridization

A

the natural tendency of complementary single-stranded molecules of DNA or RNA to base pairs and form double helixes

32
Q

digital file of the sequence As, Cs, Gs, and Ts comprising the newly synthesized DNA

A

read

33
Q

open reading frames (ORFs)

A

stretches of nucleotides that have a reading frame of triplets uninterrupted by a stop codon

34
Q

conserved

A

when homologs of DNA sequence are found in many different species

35
Q

retroviruses

A

series of in vitro reactions that mimics part of the life cycle of viruses

36
Q

What enzyme do retroviruses contain?

A

RNA-dependent DNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase

37
Q

complementary DNA (cDNA)

A

mirror image RNA strand

38
Q

what enzyme digests the original RNA strands and leaves the single strands of cDNA intact?

A

RNase enzyme

39
Q

cDNA library

A

a large collection of cDNA clones that are representative of the mRNAs expressed by a particular cell type, tissue, organ or organism.

40
Q

exome

A

the part of the genome corresponding to the exons of all known genes that constitutes a small proportion of genomes

41
Q

protein domains

A

linear sequence of amino acids that folds up in three dimensional space so as to act as a single function unit.

42
Q

domain architectures

A

different numbers and kinds of domains in different orders

43
Q

What role does exon shuffling have in evolution?

A

It has produced different transcription factors with differing domains that enable these proteins to recognize particular DNA sequences and also to interact uniquely with cofactors such as other proteins.

44
Q

gene families

A

groups of genes closely related in sequence and funtion

45
Q

orthologous genes

A

genes in two different species that arose from the same gene in the species’ common ancestor; retains the same function

46
Q

paralougous genes

A

arise by duplication; denotes different members of a gene family

47
Q

homology

A

term for all related sequences

48
Q

pseudogene

A

sequence that look like, but do not function as genes

49
Q

syntenic blocks

A

blocks of linked loci

50
Q

conserved synteny

A

the same two or more loci are linked in different species

Genetics (15 decks)

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