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Genetics > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucelic Acid

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2
Q

Nucelotides

A

Composed of three components:

  • Deoxyrbose sugar
  • Phophate group
  • One of the four nitrogenous base
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3
Q

Bonds joining one nucleotide to another

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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4
Q

Polymer

A

Linked chain of building block subunits

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5
Q

Ability of a substance to change the genetic characteristics of an organism

A

Transformation

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6
Q

Bacteriophages

A

-“phages”

Viruses used to infect bacterial cells

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7
Q

polarity

A

an overall direction

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8
Q

What was Frederick Griffith’s experiment?

A

worked with two types of S.penumoniae bacteria- live R fooms and heat killed S forms but neither killed the rats He then added a mixture of the two into the mouse and it killed him. He discovered what is now called transformation

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9
Q

Transformation

A

the ability of a substance to change the genetic characteristics of an organism

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10
Q

What was Oswald T. Avery’s contribution to the study of hereditary?

A

Avery found that they could achieve transformation without using any animals at all simply by growing R-form bacteria is medium in the presence of components form the dead S form. Found the transforming principle to be DNA

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11
Q

bacteriophages

A

bacterial cells with viruses

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12
Q

What was Hershey and Chase’s experiment? What did it verify?

A
  • felt they could assess the relative importance of DNA protein in gene replication
  • grew two separate sets of T2 in bacteria maintained in two different culture media, one infected with radioactively labeled phosphorus and the other with radioactively labeled sulfur
  • found that DNA was the genetic material
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13
Q

What are the components of nucleotides?

A

Consists of deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate and one of the four nitrogenous bases

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14
Q

Nucleoside

A

covalent attachment of a base to the 1’ carbon of deoxyribose

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15
Q

nucleotide

A

the addition of a base to the 5’ carbon

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16
Q

Who produced the x-ray images of the shape of DNA?

A

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

-showed that the molecule is spiral-shaped or helical

17
Q

B form DNA

A

DNA that spirals to the right

18
Q

Z form

A

helix spirals to the left and the backbone takes on a zig-zag shape

19
Q

What shapes do eukaryotic chromosomes come in?

A

linear double-helixes and circular

20
Q

template

A

molecular mold used for synthesis of a second strand of DNA

21
Q

semi-conservative replication

A

copying in which one strand of each new double helix is conserved from the parent molecule and the other is newly synthesized

22
Q

Both daughter double helixes would carry blocks of original DNA interspersed with blocks of newly synthesized material

A

dispersive replication

23
Q

Who confirmed the semi-conservative nature of DNA replication?

A

Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl

-used isotope 15N and 14N

24
Q

What direction does DNA polymerase move along the template?

A

3’ to 5’ direction

25
Q

What are the two stages for DNA replication?

A

Initiation and elongation

26
Q

Initiation

A

Stage where proteins open up the double helix and prepare it fro complementary base pairing

27
Q

Elongation

A

Stage which proteins connect the correct sequence of nucleotides on both newly formed DNA double helixes

28
Q

Y-shaped areas consisting of the two unwound DNA strands branching out into unpaired single strands during replication

A

replication forks

29
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

During DNA replication, small fragments of about 1000 bases that are joined after synthesis to form the lagging strand

30
Q

What role does Pol III play in DNA replication?

A

It plays a major role in producing the new strands of complementary DNA

31
Q

What role does Pol I play in DNA replication?

A

fills in the gaps between newly synthesized Okazaki segments

32
Q

What enzyme plays the role in welding together the Okazaki fragments?

A

DNA ligase

33
Q

Supercoiling

A

additional twisting of the DNA molecule

34
Q

DNA topoisomerase

A

a group of enzymes that help relax the supercoils by nicking one or cutting both strands of the DNA

35
Q

What structures help ensure the maintenance and accurate replication of the two ends of each linear chromosome?

A

telomeres

36
Q

In what ways do each organisms ensure the informational fidelity (accuracy) of its DNA?

A
  1. redundancy
  2. the remarkable precision of the cellular replication machinery
  3. Enzymes that repair chemical damage to DNA

Genetics (15 decks)

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