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Genetics > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

syntenic segments

A

blocks of chromosomes in which the identity, order and transcriptional direction of the genes are almost exactly the same in the two genomes.

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2
Q

What two types of events reshape genomes?

A
  • rearrangements

- changes in chromosome number

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3
Q

Four types of chromosomal rearrangements

A
  • deletions
  • duplications
  • inversions
  • reciprocal translocations
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4
Q

gene dosage

A

(the number of times a given gene is present in the genome

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5
Q

tandem duplications

A

the repeated copies lie adjacent to each other, either in the same order or in reverse order

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6
Q

nontandem (dispersed) duplications

A

the copies of the region are not adjacent to each other and may lie far apart on the same chromosome or on different chromosomes

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7
Q

unequal crossing-over

A

recombination resulting from such out-of-register pairing, generates gametes containing increases to three and reciprocal decreases to one in the number of copies of the duplicated region

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8
Q

pericentric

A

inversions that include the centromere

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9
Q

paracentric

A

inversions that exclude the centromere

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10
Q

inversion loop

A

allows the tightest possible alignment of homologous regions

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11
Q

acentric fragment

A

lacking a centromere

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12
Q

dicentric chromatid

A

two centromeres

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13
Q

crossover suppressors

A

fewer or no recombinants among the viable progeny of an inversion heterozygote.

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14
Q

translocation

A

large scale mutations in which part of one chromosome becomes attached to a nonhomologous chromosome

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15
Q

alternate segregation pattern

A

the two translocation chromosomes (T1 and T2) go to one pole, while the two normal chromosomes (N1 and N2) move to the opposite poles

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16
Q

adjacent-1 segregation pattern

A

homologous centromere disjoin so that T1 and N2 go to one pole, while N1 and T2 go to the opposite pole.

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17
Q

adjacent-2-segregation pattern

A

homologous centromeres N1 and T1 go to the same spindle pole, while the homologous centromeres N2 and T2 go to the other spindle pole
-result in genetic imbalances that are lethal to zygotes after fertilization

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18
Q

semisterility

A

a condition in which the capacity of generating viable offspring is diminished by at least 50%

19
Q

pseudolinkage

A

behave as they’re linked

20
Q

Robertsonian translocation

A

arise from breaks at or near the centromeres of two acrocentric chromosomes.

21
Q

transposition

A

movement of small segments of DNA from one position in the DNA to another

22
Q

transposable elements (TE)

A

small segments of DNA

23
Q

retrotransposons

A

transpose via reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate

24
Q

transposons (DNA transposons)

A

move their DNA directly without the requirement of an RNA intermediate.

25
Q

What are two major types of poly-A-containing retrotransposons?

A
  • LINEs (long interspersed elements)

- SINEs( short interspersed elements)

26
Q

transposase

A

a protein that catalyzes transposition through its recognition of those repeats.

27
Q

nonautonomous elements

A

defective TEs that require the activity of nondeleted copies of the same TE for movement

28
Q

autonomous elements

A

the nondeleted copies that can move by themselves

29
Q

aneuploids

A

: individuals whose chromosome number is not an exact multiple of the haploid number (n) for the species

30
Q

monosomic

A

(2n-1)

lacking one chromosome

31
Q

trisomic

A

(2n+1)

an individual having a single additional chromosome

32
Q

meiotic nondisjunction

A

occurs during meiosis II, only two of the four resulting gametes will be aneuploidy

33
Q

euploid

A

complete sets of chromosomes

34
Q

polyploids

A

carry three of more complete sets of chromosomes

35
Q

basic chromosome number

A

the number of different chromosomes that make up a single complete set

36
Q

triploid

A

three complete sets of chromosomes (3x)

37
Q

tetraploid

A

species with four complete sets of chromosomes (4x)

38
Q

monoploid

A

have only one set of chromosomes.

39
Q

parthenogenesis

A

reproduction in which offsprings are produced by an unfertilized female

40
Q

autopolyploidy

A

a kind of polyploid that derives all its chromosome sets from the same species

41
Q

bivalents

A

pairs of synapsed homologous chromosomes

42
Q

gene families

A

set of closely related genes with slightly different function

43
Q

Haploinsufficiency

A

Half of the normal gene dosage that does not produce enough protein product for a normal phenotype

Genetics (15 decks)

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