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Genetics > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

nucleoid body

A

the single chromosome folded up in a bacterium

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2
Q

capsule

A

a thick, mucus-like coating in addition to the cell wall

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3
Q

pathogen

A

a bacterial strain that causes disease in the host organism

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4
Q

bacterial chromosome

A

a single molecule of double-helical DNA arranged in a circle

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5
Q

the approximately 1000 genes that are shared by all E.coli strains

A

core genome

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6
Q

pangenome

A

the core genome plus all of the other genes that are found in some strains but others

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7
Q

What kind of plasmid allows the bacterial cells that carry them to make contact with another bacterium and transfer genes?

A

F. episomes

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8
Q

metagenomics

A

the collective analysis of genomic DNA from a community of microbes sampled from normal environments

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9
Q

the human microbiome project

A

a metagenomics analysis of the bacteria that lives in the human body

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10
Q

petri dish

A

liquid media or on media solidified by agar in a plate

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11
Q

genetic screen

A

an examination of each colony in a population for its phenotype

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12
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

traits involved are not transferred by inheritance from parents to offspring, rather, they are introduced from unrelated individuals from different species

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13
Q

What are the three different mechanisms of gene transfer in bacteria?

A

transformation, conjugation, and transduction

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14
Q

donor

A

provides the genetic material for transfer

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15
Q

recipient

A

receives the material

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16
Q

transformation

A

DNA from a donor is added to the bacterial growth medium and is then taken up from that medium by the recipient

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17
Q

conjugation

A

the donor carries a special type of plasmid that allows it to come in contact with the recipient and transfer DNA directly

18
Q

tranduction

A

the donor DNA is packaged within the protein coat of a bacteriophage and is transferred to the recipient when the phage particle infects it

19
Q

What is the recipient in transformation called?

A

transformants

20
Q

What is the recipient in conjugation called? tranduction?

A

exconjugates; tranductants

21
Q

natural transformation

A

take up DNA fragments spontaneously from their surrounding

22
Q

artificial transformation

A

take up DNA only after laboratory procedure make their cell wall and membranes permeable to DNA

23
Q

competent

A

able to take up DNA from the medium

24
Q

cotransformation

A

the simultaneous transformation of two or more genes

25
Q

bacterial conjugation

A

a one way DNA transfer from donor to recipient that requires cell-to-cell contact and that is initiated by conjugative plasmids in donor strains

26
Q

F plasmid

A

first conjugative plasmid to be discovered

27
Q

origin of transfer

A

the specific site that an F plasmid is nicked

28
Q

Hfr bacteria

A

cells whose chromosomes carry an integrated plasmid produce a high frequency of recombinants for chromosomal genes when they are mated with F- strains

29
Q

F’ plasmid

A

the newly formed plasmid carrying most of the genes of the F plasmid plus some bacterial DNA

30
Q

merodiploids

A

the exconjugants from mating F’- carrying cells with F- cells that contain two copies of some bacterial gene– one of the F’ and the other in the bacterial chromsome

31
Q

lytic cycle

A

cycle resulting in cell lysis and release of progeny phage

32
Q

lysate

A

the population of phage particles released from the host bacteria at the end of the lytic cycle

33
Q

generalized transduction

A

the process which can result in the transfer of any bacterial gene between related strains of bacteria

34
Q

virulent

A

after infecting a host, they always enter the lytic cycle, multiplying rapidly and killing the cell

35
Q

lysogenic cycle

A

DNA integrates into the host genome and multiplies along with it, doing no harm to the host

36
Q

prophage

A

integrated copy of the temperate bacteriophage DNA

37
Q

bacterium containing a prophage

A

lysogen

38
Q

specialized transducing phages

A

viruses produced by the faulty exclusion of a lysogenic virus from the bacterial genome

39
Q

specialized transduction

A

the phage-mediated transfer of a few bacterial genes

40
Q

genomic islands

A

large segments of DNA whose properties suggest that they originated from transfer of foreign DNA into a bacterial cell

41
Q

pathogenicity islands

A

genomic island in pathogenic bacteria

Genetics (15 decks)

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