Chapter 9 Flashcards
Flashbulb Memory
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.
Memory
The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.
Encoding
The processing of information into the memory system.
Storage
The retention of encoded info over time
Retrieval
The process of getting information out of memory storage.
Acoustic encoding
Listening, saying something out loud
Visual encoding
Mental pictures, images
Semantic encoding
Give meaning to the information
Self- Reference Effect
Finding personal meaning
Automatic processing
Some information is unconsciously encoded- incidental information such as time, space, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings
Effortful processing
Some information requires attention and conscious effort. Rehearsal, spacing effect, serial position effect
Rehearsal
The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.
Spacing effect
The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.
Serial position effect
The tendency too recall best the last and first items on a list
Ebbinghaus
Retention curve, (as rehearsal increases-relearning time decreases)
Imagery
Mental pictures
Rosy retrospection
People recall events more positively than they evaluated them at the time they occurred.
Mnemonic devices
Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
Chunking
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.
Hierarchies
Broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts.
The method of loci
A memory aid in which a person imagines themselves moving through familiar locations and associates the location with a topic that needs to be remembered.
Hierarchy
When information is broken down into a few broad concepts- then divided into lesser concepts, categories, and facts.
Sensory memory
Very brief memory storage immediately following initial reception of a stimulus
Iconic memory
Visual sensory memory that lasts for 1-2 seconds.
Echoic memory
Auditory sensory memory that lasts for 3-4 seconds
Short term memory
Memory that is limited in capacity to about seven (George miller) items and in duration by the subjects active rehearsal. Info needs to be repeated to keep in short term memory
Long term potentiation
An increase in a synapses firing potential after brief, rapid, stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
Long term memory
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.
Working memory
A newer understanding of short term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information.
George miller
En shrined me recall capacity of the magical #7, plus or minus 2. Our short term memory typically stores just bits of info.
Amnesia
Loss of memory
Implicit memory
(Procedural) memory of learned skills that does not require conscious recollection. Skills habits classical conditioning
Recall
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve info learned earlier, as on a fill in the blank test.
Recognition
A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test
Relearning
Coming back a second Time after learning it before
Priming
Activation, often unconsciously of particular associations in memory.
Mood congruent memory
The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good or bad mood
Proactive interference
(Forward acting) the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info
Retroactive interference
(Backward acting) the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info
