Chapter 9

Question 0

Flashbulb Memory

Answer 0

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

The processing of information into the memory system.

Question 3

Storage

Answer 3

The retention of encoded info over time

Question 4

Retrieval

Answer 4

The process of getting information out of memory storage.

Question 5

Acoustic encoding

Answer 5

Listening, saying something out loud

Question 6

Visual encoding

Answer 6

Mental pictures, images

Question 7

Semantic encoding

Answer 7

Give meaning to the information

Question 8

Self- Reference Effect

Answer 8

Finding personal meaning

Question 9

Automatic processing

Answer 9

Some information is unconsciously encoded- incidental information such as time, space, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

Question 10

Effortful processing

Answer 10

Some information requires attention and conscious effort. Rehearsal, spacing effect, serial position effect

Question 11

Rehearsal

Answer 11

The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.

Question 12

Spacing effect

Answer 12

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

Question 13

Serial position effect

Answer 13

The tendency too recall best the last and first items on a list

Question 14

Ebbinghaus

Answer 14

Retention curve, (as rehearsal increases-relearning time decreases)

Question 15

Imagery

Answer 15

Mental pictures

Question 16

Rosy retrospection

Answer 16

People recall events more positively than they evaluated them at the time they occurred.

Question 17

Mnemonic devices

Answer 17

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

Question 18

Chunking

Answer 18

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.

Question 19

Hierarchies

Answer 19

Broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts.

Question 20

The method of loci

Answer 20

A memory aid in which a person imagines themselves moving through familiar locations and associates the location with a topic that needs to be remembered.

Question 21

Hierarchy

Answer 21

When information is broken down into a few broad concepts- then divided into lesser concepts, categories, and facts.

Question 22

Sensory memory

Answer 22

Very brief memory storage immediately following initial reception of a stimulus

Question 23

Iconic memory

Answer 23

Visual sensory memory that lasts for 1-2 seconds.

Question 24

Echoic memory

Answer 24

Auditory sensory memory that lasts for 3-4 seconds

Question 25

Short term memory

Answer 25

Memory that is limited in capacity to about seven (George miller) items and in duration by the subjects active rehearsal. Info needs to be repeated to keep in short term memory

Question 26

Long term potentiation

Answer 26

An increase in a synapses firing potential after brief, rapid, stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

Question 27

Long term memory

Answer 27

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.

Question 28

Working memory

Answer 28

A newer understanding of short term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information.

Question 29

George miller

Answer 29

En shrined me recall capacity of the magical #7, plus or minus 2. Our short term memory typically stores just bits of info.

Question 30

Amnesia

Answer 30

Loss of memory

Question 31

Implicit memory

Answer 31

(Procedural) memory of learned skills that does not require conscious recollection. Skills habits classical conditioning

Question 32

Recall

Answer 32

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve info learned earlier, as on a fill in the blank test.

Question 33

Recognition

Answer 33

A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test

Question 34

Relearning

Answer 34

Coming back a second Time after learning it before

Question 35

Priming

Answer 35

Activation, often unconsciously of particular associations in memory.

Question 36

Mood congruent memory

Answer 36

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good or bad mood

Question 37

Proactive interference

Answer 37

(Forward acting) the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info

Question 38

Retroactive interference

Answer 38

(Backward acting) the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info