Chapter 9 Flashcards
What is a load
an external force acting on tissues that causes internal reactions within the tissues
What is stiffness
relative ability of a tissue to resist a particular load
The _____ the stiffness the _____ the ____ of load it can withstand
greater, greater, magnitude
What is stress
the internal resistance of the tissue to a external load
What is strain
the extent of the deformation of tissue when it is loaded
Human tissue is _____ allowing a tissue to _________
elastic, return to normal following deformation
When as a yield point been reached
when the tissue is deformed to the extent that it no longer reacts elastically
What is creep
deformation in the shape and/or properties of a tissue that occurs with the application of a constant load over time
What is compression load
produced by external loads applied toward one another on opposite surfaces in opposite directions
What are common injuries caused by compression forces
arthritic changes in cartilage, fractures, and contusions
What is tension load?
equal and opposite external loads that pull a structure apart
What types of injuries typically occur due to tension load
muscle strains and ligament sprains
What is a shear load?
equal but not directly opposite loads are applied to opposing surfaces, forcing those surfaces to move in parallel directions relative to one another
What are types of injuries common with shear load?
skin injuries such as blisters or abrasions or in vertebral disk injuries
What is a bending force?
two forces pairs act at opposite ends of a structure; when three forces cause bending; or when an already bowed structure is axially loaded
What type of injury is common in bending forces?
fractures
What is a torsion force
twisting in opposite direction from the opposite ends of a structure causes shear stress over the entire cross section of that structure
What type of injury is common with torsion force?
spiral fractures
What are fascicles and what surrounds them
bundles of muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium
What is the entire muscle covered by
epimysium
Grade I strain
painful, but full ROM is usually possible
Grade II strain
ROM is decreased due to pain
Grade III
initially, pain is intense but quickly diminishes
What is tendinopathy used to refer as
tendinitis and tendinosis
What does crepitus mean?
crackling feeling or sound
What is tenosynovitis
inflammation of a tendon synovial sheath
Where does tenosynovitis commonly occur.
long flexor tendon of the fingers as they cross over the wrist joint and the biceps tendon around the shoulder joint
What is myofascial trigger point
a discreet, hypersensitive nodule within a taut band of skeletal muscle and/or fascia
What is a the difference between a latent and active trigger point
does not cause spontaneous pain but may restrict movement or cause muscle weakness; causes pain at rest
what is ecchymosis
black-and-blue skin discoloration caused by hemorrhage
What is myositis ossificans
calcium formations that are found between fibers in the muscle belly or form a spur that projects from the underlying bone
What are synovial joints
two or more bones that articulate to allow motion in one or more places
What does synovial fluid do
provides lubrication, shock absorption, and nutrition of the joint
Grade I sprain
mild to moderate pain, localized swelling, and joint stiffness
Grade II sprain
Moderate to severe pain, swelling, and joint stiffness
Grade III sprain
severe pain and swelling, joint stiffness
what is diastasis
separation of articulating bones
a first time dislocation should always be considered and treated as a possible ______
fracture
what is osteoarthritis
a chronic disease involving joint in which there is destruction of articular or hyaline cartilage and boney overgrowth
what joints is osteoarthritis most commonly found in
weight-bearing joints: knees, hips, lumbar spine
symptoms of osteoarthritis
pain, stiffness in the morning, localized tenderness, creaking, or grating that may
What is a safe and effective treatment for osteoarthritis
glucosamine sulfate, NSAIDs, chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids
What is the Bursa
pieces of synovial membrane that contain a small amount of fluid
what covers a bone and contains the blood supply
periosteum
what 5 functions do bones perform
body support, organ protection, movement, calcium storage, and formation of blood cells
examples of flat bones
skull, ribs, scap,
examples of irregular bones
vertebral column and skull
examples of short bones
wrist and ankle
examples of long bones
humerus, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, phalanges
what are osteoblasts
bone-forming cells
how does bone ossification occur
synthesis of bone’s organic matrix by osteoblasts, followed immediately by the calcification of this matrix
what are osteoclasts
cells that resorb bone
at what age does bone loss exceed bone gain
35-40
what is osteoporosis
increased bone porosity
what is a closed fracture
there is little or no movement or displacement of the broken bone
what is an open fracture
there is enough displacement of the fractured ends that the bone actually breaks through surrounding tissues
what is a greenstick fracture
incomplete breaks in bones that have not completely ossified
what is a comminuted fracture
consist of three or more fragments at the fracture site
what is a linear fracture
the bone splits along its length
what is a transverse fracture
occur in a straight line, more or less at right angles to the bone shaft
what is a oblique fracture
occur when one end of the bone receives sudden torsion or twisting while the other end is fixed
what is a spiral fracture
S-shaped separation
what are impacted fractures
results from a fall from a height, which causes a long bone to receive, directly on its long axis a force of such magnitude that the osseous tissue is compressed
what is an avulsion fracture
separation of a bone fragment from its context at an attachment of a ligament or tendon
what is a serrated fracture
two bony fragments have a sawtooth, sharp-edged fracture line, are usually caused by a direct blow
what is a depressed fracture
falling and striking the head on a hard surface
what is a countercoup fracture
occur on the side opposite the point at which trauma was initiated
what causes spiral fractures
torsion
what causes oblique fractures
combined axial compression, bending, and torsion
what causes transverse fractures
bending
what are typical causes of stress fractures
- overtraining
- going back into competition too soon after an injury
- going from one event to other without proper training
- starting initial training too quickly
- changing habits or the environment
what factors can predispose someone to a stress fracture
flatfeet, short first metatarsal bone or a hyper mobile metatarsal region
what are signs of stress fracture
swelling, focal tenderness, and pain, pain may be more intense at night
Salter-Harris Type I
separation of the physis
Saltar-Harris Type II
fracture-separation of growth plate and small part of metaphysis
Saltar-Harris Type III
fracture part of physis
Salter-Harris Type IV
fracture- physis and metaphysis
Salter-Harris Type V
crushing of physis with no displacement- may cause premature closure
what is osteochondrosis
degenerative changes in the ossification center of the epiphysis of bones, especially during periods of rapid growth in children
hypesthesia
diminished sense of feeling
hyperesthesia
increased sense of feelings such as pain or touch
paresthesia
numbness, prickling, or tingling, which may occur from a direct blow to or stretch of an area
neuropraxia
interruption in conduction of the impulse down the nerve fiber
what causes neuropraxia
compression or relatively mild, blunt blows close to the nerve
neuritis
chronic nerve problem, can be caused by a variety of forces that usually have been repeated or continued for a long time
symptoms of neuritis
neuritis can range From minor nerve problems to paralysis
What is the rate regeneration of nerve fiber
3-4 mm per day
what nerves generate better? peripheral or central?
peripheral
