Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Define extranuclear inheritance

A

Inheritance of things other than DNA. AKA epigenetic inheritance

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2
Q

What do sex cells contain? (5 things)

A
  • DNA
  • organelles
  • metabolites / nutrients
  • RNA molecules
  • pathogens/microbes
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3
Q

Comparatively, is DNA more or less changeable than organelles, RNA, and nutrients?

A

DNA is less changeable. Organelles, RNA, and nutrients are all environment-sensitive

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4
Q

What does epigenetics influence?

A

Intelligence
Physical fitness
RIsk of chronic disease
Metabolic health

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5
Q

Define zone pellucida

A

A glycoprotein containing the ova. Allows for protection of ova and sperm binding

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6
Q

Define corona radiata

A

Cells surrounding ova that provide nutrients

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7
Q

Does the ovum or sperm contribute more mitochondria?

A

Ovum contributes way more

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8
Q

What can damage the components of the ova?

A

Poor lifestyle choices can damage the corona radiata and zone pellucidum. This results in nutrient-deficient ovum and reduced fertility.
*Can also alter mitochondrial function

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9
Q

Altered mitochondrial function affects what?

A

The offspring’s metabolism

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10
Q

What is the main factor that alters mitochondrial function?

A

Overnutrition / poor diet

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11
Q

Are unhealthy mitochondria passed down?

A

Yes. Through F1, F2, and even F3 generations.

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12
Q

What does mitochondrial DNA create?

A

mtDNA makes tRNAs, rRNAs, and the 13 proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation.

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13
Q

Mutations in mtDNA causes what?

A

metabolic and other health issues. These issues are passed to offspring maternally

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14
Q

Are mitochondrial mutations or nuclear mutations more common?

A

Mitochondrial

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15
Q

What type of molecules do mitochondria produce?

A

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)

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16
Q

What are ROS?

A

Reactive oxygen species, which are reactive molecules that damage lipid, proteins, and DNA through oxidative stress

17
Q

Define oxidative stress

A

Damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA by ROS

18
Q

What will cause excessive ROS?

A

Overnutrition, low antioxidants, and other stressors

19
Q

What can maternal mitochondrial defects contribute to:

A

Aging
T2D
Autism
Artherosclerosis
Infertility
Neurodegenerative disease
Cancers
Personality/psychiatric disorders

20
Q

Define acrosome

A

membrane-bound organelle produced from the golgi that is full of digestive enzymes

21
Q

What are the enzymes found in the acrosome and what do they do?

A

Acrosin - breaks down zona pellucida
Hyaluronidase - separates and moves through corona radiata

22
Q

What is the sperm packed full of?

A

RNA - brings microRNAs, tRNA fragments, and others.

23
Q

What does sperm influence?

A

The gene expression of the zygote.

24
Q

What determines the composition of sperm RNA?

A

the father’s lifestyle. This RNA influences offspring’s health

25
Define seminiferous tubules
Where sperm is first produced
26
Define spermiogenesis
Maturation of sperm in the epididymis
27
What occurs in the epididymis?
Spermiogenesis
28
When does paternal lifestyle impact sperm RNA the most?
During spermiogenesis.
29
What is a sperms journey?
Seminiferous tubules -> epididymis -> vas deferens -> prostate and seminal vesicles
30
Define seminal fluid
Fluid picked up from the prostate and seminal vesicles that contain nutrients, antimicrobials, and more.
31
What does transcriptionally inert mean?
A cell doesn't produce new RNA.
32
How do sperm cells receive RNA?
RNA is deposited from epithelial cells in the epididymis.
33
Define epididymosomes
Where RNA is packed into. This vesicle fuses with other sperm to release RNA inside.
34
What influenced epididymosome RNA?
Paternal conditions like stress, physical activity