Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define genetics

A

Field of study related to inheritance and function of genes and DNA.

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2
Q

Why does genetics matter?

A

Helps predict and address genetic diseases

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3
Q

Define genetic diseases

A

Individuals born with errors in their DNA.

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4
Q

What is whole-genome sequencing technology?

A

Determines the nucleotide sequence of an organism’s DNA. Helps to identify individuals and learn their ancestry/history/biology

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5
Q

What is gene editing technology?

A

Re-writing the DNA of target organisms which helps prevent diseases.

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6
Q

Define genome

A

The complete set of an organism’s genetic material. Each cell has 1 complete copy of this.

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7
Q

How many cells is the human body made up of?

A

Trillions of cells

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8
Q

How many base pairs does the human genome have?

A

~3billion base pairs

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9
Q

How many chromosomes does a cell have?

A

23 pairs

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10
Q

Define gene

A

Segment of DNA that produces a trait. Often produces a protein which then produces the trait

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11
Q

How long is a typical gene?

A

thousands of base pairs long.

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12
Q

How many genes do humans have?

A

Between 20,000 and 100,000 depending on what definition you use

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13
Q

What + when did Darwin contribute to Genetics?

A

1859 with publication of Origin of Species

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14
Q

What + when did Gregor Mendel contribute to genetics?

A

1865 with documentation of patterns of heredity in pea plants.

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15
Q

What + when did Watson and Crick contribute to genetics?

A

1953 with proposition of double helix structure.

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16
Q

When did the genome sequencing project begin?

17
Q

Pros and Cons of GMOs.

A

Pro: feeds more people
Con: foods now have pesticide residue which is eaten by people and results in harm. Potential unintended consequences of changing a gene.

18
Q

Human genome editing pros and cons

A

Pro: Fix genetic diseases
Con: “designer babies” , unintended consequence of changing gene as a single gene can play multiple roles within the cell.

19
Q

How many new mutations does a generation get from their parents?

A

~100 new mutations

20
Q

What can help with treatment of genetic diseases?

A

Genetic screening. Either via genetic testing of parents OR prenatal DNA test of the baby.
This can allow efficient treatment of genetic issues.

21
Q

Define bioinformatics

A

Field of study related to analyzing and deriving conclusions based on biological (genetic) data. Combines statistics, biology, and computer science.

22
Q

What can bioinformatics help us to understand?

A

A person’s ancestry, disease susceptibility, and (potentially) someone’s personality. Also allows for us to create a genetic anthropology and aid in forensic investigations.

23
Q

Define genetic anthropology

A

The history and migration of human populations

24
Q

Pros and cons of bioinformatics

A

PRO: Suspect identification for crimes, discovering underlying diseases
CON: Corporations can have access to your genome sequence and use it.

25
Q

MAIN concept of genetic technology

A

Genetics is a double-edged sword that can be used for good or bad.