Chapter 9 Flashcards
What are file attributes?
File attributes are metadata that provide specific qualities to a file.
What are the common NTFS file attributes?
Common NTFS file attributes include Read-only (R), Hidden (H), System (S), Archive (A), Encrypted, Indexing, and Perming Sys.
What does the Read-only (R) attribute do?
Prevents users from modifying the file.
What does the Hidden (H) attribute do?
Hides the file from standard file system views.
What does the System (S) attribute do?
Identifies the file as a system file and prevents deletion.
What does the Archive (A) attribute indicate?
Indicates if a file has been modified since the last backup.
What does the Encrypted attribute do?
Encrypts the file contents.
What does the Indexing attribute define?
Defines how the file is indexed for quick searching.
Which file attributes does FAT32 support?
FAT32 file system only supports Read-only (R), Hidden (H), System (S), and Archive (A) attributes.
What are NTFS permissions?
Only available for files on NTFS partitions, each file has an Access Control List (ACL) that defines user/group permissions.
What happens to NTFS permissions when moving files to a non-NTFS partition?
Moving files to a non-NTFS partition removes NTFS permissions.
How can file attributes be changed?
Change attributes through file/folder properties or using the Attrib command. Note: Attrib cannot change permissions.
What happens when copying files from NTFS to FAT32?
Copying files to FAT32 from NTFS results in loss of NTFS-specific attributes.
Where are the default locations for system files in Windows?
System files: %systemroot% or %windir% (typically C:\Windows), Fonts: C:\Windows\Fonts, Program files: %programfiles% (C:\Program Files and C:\Program Files (x86)), User files: %userprofile% (e.g., C:\Users\username).
What does the %systemdrive% variable denote?
Denotes the drive letter where Windows is installed.
What is a filename?
Consists of a file path and the file name, including the extension.
What do file extensions indicate?
File type and contents, and the program used for creation and modification.
What are the filename systems for FAT32 and NTFS?
FAT32 supports long filenames up to 255 characters, including spaces; NTFS supports Unicode, allowing 255 characters excluding /.
What characters should be avoided in filenames?
Characters to avoid include < > : / | | “ * ?.
What are common file types and their extensions?
Program files: exe, com; Batch files: bat.
What are system file extensions?
.dil (dynamic link library), .drv (device driver), .vxd (virtual device driver)
What are common document file extensions?
.rtf, .txt, .docx, .wpd, .wp5, .pptx, .pdf
What are common image file extensions?
.gif, .jpg, .png, .bmp
What are common audio file extensions?
.mp3, .wma
What is the common Windows Installer file extension?
.msi
What is the common compressed file extension?
.zip
What do file extension associations do?
Links a file type to the program used to create it.
How are file extension associations created?
Application installation automatically creates file extension associations.
What happens with unassociated file types?
They prompt for program selection upon opening.
How does Windows handle file extensions by default?
Windows hides extensions for associated files by default.
How can you change associated programs?
Through Default Programs in Control Panel or file properties.
How do you access Command Prompt?
Start > Search for ‘CMD’ or ‘Command’ > Select Command Prompt.
How do you run Command Prompt as an administrator?
Run as administrator for elevated permissions if needed.
What does the ‘help’ command do in Command Prompt?
Lists available commands.
What does the ‘/?’ option do?
Displays detailed help for a specific command (e.g., rmdir /?).
What does ‘| more’ do?
Displays output one screen at a time.
What are the key commands for navigating output?
Press Enter for one line, Spacebar for a full screen, and Ctrl+C to exit while viewing output.
What does the ‘Up arrow’ do in Command Prompt?
Recalls the previous command.
What does the ‘Tab’ key do in Command Prompt?
Auto-completes paths and filenames.
What does the ‘cd’ command do?
Changes the current directory.
What does ‘cd [folder name]’ do?
Changes to the specified subdirectory.
What does ‘cd..’ do?
Moves up one directory level.
What does ‘cd /D [file] [path]’ do?
Changes the drive and directory.
What does ‘cd' do?
Navigates to the root of the current drive.
What does the ‘dir’ command do?
Lists files and subdirectories in the current directory.
What does ‘dir /p’ do?
Pauses output for each page.
What does ‘dir /s’ do?
Includes subdirectories in the listing.
What does ‘dir /a [xx]’ do?
Displays files with specified attributes (e.g., /arh for read-only, hidden files).
How do you exclude attributes in ‘dir’ command?
Use a hyphen (-) to exclude attributes (e.g., /a-r shows files that are not read-only).
What does ‘md’ or ‘mkdir’ do?
Creates a directory in the current directory.
What does ‘md [path] [directory]’ do?
Creates a directory at the specified path.
What does ‘rmdir’ or ‘rd’ do?
Removes the specified directory within the current directory.
What does rmdir or rd do?
Removes the specified directory within the current directory.
How to remove a directory at a specified path?
Use the command: rmdir [path] [directory].
What is the command to remove a directory and all its contents?
Use the command: rmdir [directory] /s.
Requires confirmation.
How to remove a directory without confirmation?
Use the command: rmdir [directory] /q.
What does the del command do?
Deletes the specified file (supports wildcards and multiple filenames).
How to prompt for confirmation before deleting a file?
Use the command: del /p.
What is the purpose of the copy command?
Copies the file to the new location.
How to copy all files with specific extensions from a folder?
Use the command: copy [folder] [.] [path] [destination].
What does the /a switch do in copy command?
Specifies an ASCII text file.
What does the /b switch do in copy command?
Specifies a binary file.
What does the /n switch do in copy command?
Uses short filenames.
What does the /y switch do in copy command?
Overwrites without prompting.
What does the /v switch do in copy command?
Verifies files after copying.
How does copying between partitions affect attributes?
Copying from FAT32 to any partition retains attributes; copying from NTFS to FAT32 removes NTFS-specific attributes.
What is the purpose of xcopy?
Copies files and directory trees.
What does the /a switch do in xcopy?
Copies files with the archive attribute set.
What does the /m switch do in xcopy?
Copies and turns off the archive attribute.
What does the /d switch do in xcopy?
Copies files changed on or after a specific date.
How to prompt before creating each file in xcopy?
Use the command: xcopy [source] [destination] /p.
What does the /s switch do in xcopy?
Copies directories and subdirectories (except empty ones).
What does the /e switch do in xcopy?
Copies directories and subdirectories, including empty ones.
What does the /h switch do in xcopy?
Copies hidden and system files.
What does the /r switch do in xcopy?
Overwrites read-only files.
What does the /k switch do in xcopy?
Copies attributes (normal xcopy resets read-only attributes).
What does the /y switch do in xcopy?
Overwrites existing files without prompting.
What is robocopy used for?
Robust File Copy for copying folders.
What is the command format for robocopy?
Use the command: robocopy [source_folder] [destination] [options].
What does the /s switch do in robocopy?
Copies subdirectories, excluding empty ones.
What does the /e switch do in robocopy?
Copies subdirectories, including empty ones.
What does the /mov switch do in robocopy?
Moves files and directories, deleting them from the source.
What does the /copyall switch do in robocopy?
Copies all file attributes and information.
What is the purpose of the attrib command?
Manages file attributes.
