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PSY 242 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

The Electomagnetic spectrum

A

Gammarays
X rays
UV Rays
Visible Light
Infrared Radiation
Microwaves
Radiowaves

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2
Q

pathway for vision

A

Vision starts in enviroment
light energy becomes electromagnetic energy going into eyes

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3
Q

What kind of energy can go into the eyes

A

electromagnetic energy

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4
Q

Which wavelengths are humans sensitive to

A

400 nm - 700 mn

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5
Q

Longer the wavelength the _______ dangerous it is to humans

A

less

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6
Q

Shorter wavelenghts are more _________ to humans

A

Dangerous

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7
Q

Clear outer covering protects the eye from dust

A

Cornea

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8
Q

Opening in eye that allows light in
Restricts how much light comes in the eye

A

Pupil

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9
Q

The white part of the eye is called ______ and it is in the ________

A

Scalara ; Iris

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10
Q

This part of the eye changes its shape to focus light on retina

A

Lens

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11
Q

Which part of the eye projects the light to retina

A

Lens

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12
Q

The lining at the back of the eye, and has neurons in it is called ____________

A

Retina

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13
Q

Middle of a visual field is projected in the ___________ and it is the part of the __________

A

Fovea , Retina

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14
Q

The image processed in the retina and in the brain is _______________

A

Upside down

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15
Q

________ has muscles that allows ________ to dilate or constrict

A

Iris ; pupil

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16
Q

When do pupils dilate

A

Expand
Allows for more light to come in
Example: When being in a dim room

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17
Q

When do pupils constrict

A

Gets smaller
Bright room
Allows less light to come in

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18
Q

Myopia

A

Object gets fuzzy as object gets far away
Nearsightedness

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19
Q

Hyperopia

A

Object hets fuzzy when closer
Far sightedness

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20
Q

Prebyopia

A

Version of hyperopia
When reading a book put book far away
Treated with reading classes
Too close cannot see propoerly

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21
Q

What is the main function of the retina

A

Retina converts light energy to neural energy

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22
Q

Rods are ______

A

Long

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23
Q

Cones are _______

A

Short

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24
Q

What is the role of receptors

A

They want to send signals to ganglion cells

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25
Q

Pathway of eye signalling

A

Receptors - Bipolar cells - Ganglion cells

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26
Q

Which receptors respond to light

A

Rods
Cones

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27
Q

What do bipolar cells do

A

take action potentials from receptors and send them to ganglion cells

28
Q

What do Horizontal cells do?

A

Allows signals between receptors (cones and rods) and allow one receptor to affect another

29
Q

What do Amarine cells do?

A

Allows signalling between Ganglion cells

30
Q

Are there more rods or cones in the retina

A

Rods

31
Q

Where are Rods located

A

In the periphery

32
Q

Fovea has no _______

A

Rods

33
Q

Two main functions of Rods

A
  1. We rely on rods in dim light conditions
  2. Responsive to motion
34
Q

Where are cones in the eye

A

Everywhere

35
Q

High density of cones are in the __________

A

Fovea

36
Q

3 main functions of cones

A
  1. The fovea only has cones which allows of high detailed vision
  2. Allows us to see colour in the visual field
  3. Allows us to see in normal conditions
37
Q

________ allows us to see in normal lighting conditions

A

Cones

38
Q

What if we had only rods and no cones

A

We cannot see colour

39
Q

Short Wavelength cones

A

Responding to light in the lower end of the spectrum
Blue

40
Q

M cones

A

Middle part of the spectrum : Green

41
Q

L cones

A

High part of the spectrum : Red

42
Q

Scotropic conditions

A

Night conditions
Rod dependant

43
Q

Phototrpic conditions

A

Light / Bright conditions
Cones dependent

44
Q

Which colour and wavelength is dominant in scotropic conditions

A

Rod dependant
LW
Blue

45
Q

Which colour is more bright in Phototropic conditions

A

Yellow

46
Q

Purkinjee shift

A

Shift from - Cone vision - Rod visiom
Shift from Phototropic conditions - scotropic conditions

47
Q

During day
Receptor:
Condition:
Colour:
Wavelength:

A

Cones
Photopic
Yellow
Medium to high

48
Q

During Night
Receptor:
Condition:
Colour:
Wavelength:

A

Rods
Scotopic
Blue
Low

49
Q

Two types of Ganglion cells

A
  1. Magnocellular (M cells)
  2. Parvocellular (P cells)
50
Q

M cells

A

Signals from rods

51
Q

P cells

A

Signals for cones through bipolar cells

52
Q

Main pathway for vision

A

Geniculostriate pathway

53
Q

Geniculostriate pathway

A
  • EYE to LGN which is in the thalamus
  • LGN to visual cortex
54
Q

EYE to LGN is a _____ way signal

A

One

55
Q

LGN to VC is a ____ way singal

A

Two

56
Q

Retinotropic map

A

Constructed so the LGN can organize signals
Each part of the retina has its own corresponding area in the LGN

57
Q

How many layers are in the LGN

A

6 Layers

58
Q

Layer 1 and 2 are reserved for

A

M cells
Rods
Dim lighting
Motion
Scotopic
Less light enviroments
Pupils dilate
Short wavelengths
Blue

59
Q

Layer 3 to 6 are reserved for

A

P cells
Cones
Normal lighting
Colour
Stationary objects
Pupils constrict
Medium - Long wavelengths
Fovea
Yellow

60
Q

Tectopulvinar pathway

A

Visual signals travelling to superior colliculus in the midbrain

61
Q

Tectopulvinar pathway is involved in _________

A

Reflexive eye movements
Unconcious

62
Q

Retinohypothalamic pathway is only used by ________ cells getting signals from__________

A

M
Rods

63
Q

Retinohypothalamic pathway

A

Retina - Hypothalamus
Retina - SCN - pineal gland releases mealtonin
Regulates sleep wake cycle

64
Q

There is more area in the visual cortex to process _________

A

Fovea

65
Q

Which cones do we have more of

A

Long and medium wavelength

66
Q

Dichromacy

A

We dont have long WL cones
Cannot see red
More common i men

PSY 242 (5 decks)

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