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PSY 242 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Female

A

XX

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2
Q

Male

A

XY

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3
Q

What are the potential problems in prenatal development

A

As the age of the mother increases (35+) the risk of developmental problems in the body increases.

Older the egg the more problems like
- Genetic errors in the egg
- Donor eggs

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4
Q

After one week of preganancy what hormone is released into the bloodstream

A

HCG

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5
Q

What is HCG?

A

Hormone that senses a at home pregnancy test

The marker for the onset of pregnancy

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6
Q

For reptiles sex is determined by ___________

A

The temperature outside the egg

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7
Q

For most mammals sex is determined by

A

XX or XY

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8
Q

Which chromosome is bigger? Why?

A

X because it has more genes on it (1600 vs 50)

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9
Q

SRY gene

A

The Y chromosome has the sex determinant protein. A mutation or deletion in XY results in developing a female reproductive system (XX)

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10
Q

If SRY is present which reproductive system will occur

A

Wolffian (Male)

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11
Q

Wolffian

A

Male Reproductive system

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12
Q

Mullerian

A

Female Reproductive system

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13
Q

In early development (6 weeks) all human embryod contain both versions of sex reproductive systems

True or False

A

True

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14
Q

The male fetus development starts during the _________

A

Third gestational month

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15
Q

What happens during the third Gestational month?

A

There is a secretion of testosterone
Mullerian inhibiting substances are released which prevents the formation of female Reproductive system

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16
Q

In the male brain masculinaztion depends on the

A

Perinatal testosterone exposure

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17
Q

Process of Aromatization in males

A

Gonadal testosterone reaches the brain
The enzyme aromatase interacts with it and converts into estradiol which masculizes the male brain

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18
Q

Why is the female brain not masculanized

A

Protein alpha - fetoprotein prevennts estradioil to not go to the brain

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19
Q

Aromatase is produced in the _________

A

Ovary of the female

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20
Q

The presence / entrance of ___________ determines the masculinization of the brain

A

Estradiol

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21
Q

__________ prevents estradiol to get to the brain

A

Alpha - fetoprotein

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22
Q

What are the selected areas of aromatase activity in developing brain

A

Hypothalamus
Amygdala

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23
Q

Affects of aromatase in Hypothalamus

A

The release of hormones in the bloodstream is different from males and females

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24
Q

Affects of aromatase in Amygdala

A

Women tend to have an longer lasting responses to fear / upset

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25
Both men and women have __________ but differ in __________ levels
Estrogen ; Testosterone
26
Who is better in spatial visualization
Men due to high testosterone ; but as u age testosterone goes down which makes these tasks ahrder
27
Who is better in verbal ability
Women do better due to the presence of estrogen
28
Cells of a fertilized are totipotent. What does this mean?
Totipotent means they can become anything. The cells future is not planned or predetermined. Thy can be anything
29
The early phase 2 -8 week phase of development is __________________
Zygote Phase
30
What happens in zygote phase?
After conception the cells start to multiply very quickly until it forms a embryo
31
In which stage of developement do all the vertebrates look the same?
Embryo
32
Where does the Nervous System Develop?
Neural Plate
33
Ectoderm Layer
Develop into skin
34
Mesoderm Layer
Develop into muscle / bone
35
Endoderm Layer
Develop into internal organs
36
What is the Neural Tube
At 23 days - Sides of a neural plate fold over and incase the nural tube to protect it - CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord develop
37
Where does the brain develop in the neural tube?
Centre of the tube from the ventricles and the anterior neural tube
38
Neural Tube develops into
CNS
39
Neural Crest develops into
PNS
40
2 Birth defects caused by the neural tube
Spina Bifida Anencephaly
41
If the neural tube does not close enough at the bottom, the developed spinal cord will be exposed _______________
Spina Bifida
42
If the tube does not close at the top where the brain is, some parts of the brain will not develop causing _______________
Anencephaly
43
At 35 days there is a first ___________
Heartbeat
44
Stem Cells
- Totipotent - Multiply - Produce daughter cells
45
Daughter cells of stem cells are __________
Multipotent
46
Progenitor cells give rise to _____________
Glial cells
47
How do new cells move out of the subventricular zone
1. Radial Migration 2. Tangential Migration
48
1. Radial Migration
Direct pathway out
49
_________ cells attach to help neurons / glial cells perform radial migration outward to the outer part of the brain
Radio
50
Tangential Migration
Side - Side movement
51
___________ is the cortex which is the source of higher cognitive function
Neocortex
52
How many layers does the neocortex have, and which layer is the deepest
6 layer Layer 6 is the deepest
53
In cell migration which protein signals cells to go where they need to go
Reelin
54
_______ cells help glial cells to go to the right layer and __________ cells to get to their more specific area
Radio ; Transgential
55
Stages of cell Differentiation
Migrate - aggregate - differentiate 1. Become a specific cell such as a glioblast or neuroblast based on chemical signals 2. Which turns genes on 3. Specific Proteins are made 4. Cells make specific calls
56
2 ways young neurons start to mature
1. Axonal Growth 2. Dendritic Growth
57
1. Axonal Growth
extend their axons to nearby targets to initiate synapse formation
58
Dendrictic growth
Sprouts dendrites to provide surface area of synapses with other cells
59
Is axonal growth faster or dendrictic
Axons grow at a much faster pace
60
Describe Axonal Growth
1. Axons have growth cone which is the growing tip of the axon 2. The filopod reaches from the end of the developing axon to search for / detect potential synapses 3. The growth cone senses chemical signals from target cells
61
Pioneer growth cones are first to establish a path of synapses. Other cells follow this path. What is this called?
Fasiculation
62
Neurotrophic factors
Help in synaptogenesis Helps with connection and the overall health of a neuron NTFs are limited, neurons need to compete for them
63
Fetal stage is from ________ to __________
9 weeks to Birth
64
****** When does gyrus and sulci begin to form?
Fetal Stage at 8 months
65
More neurons are produced than needed True or False
True
66
2 pathways for cell death
1. Necrosis 2. Apoptosis
67
Necrosis
Content of cell spill out and promote other reactions causing collateral damage
68
Apoptosis
Cell slowly dies but damage stays within the cell, programmed cell death
69
Difference between Necrosis and Apoptosis
Necrosis is dumb : dies but also creates damage to other cells Apoptosis : respectable death. Bro dies alone
70
A condition that occurs when cell death does not occur
Syndactyly
71
What is the last stage of development
Myelenation
72
Synaptic purning
A drop in synapses because of the lack of use which happens throughout adulthood
73
Which area does synaptic purning most occur
Visual Areas
74
How does Autism occur
Too many synapses, no synaptic purning
75
Symptoms of autism
Reduced Social Awareness Repetetive behaviours
76
Williams syndrome
Genetic Big eyes Extremely socialab always happy
77
Williams syndrome has high activity in
Broncas area
78
WS has low activity / reduced dev in
Frontal lobe and parietal lobe

PSY 242 (5 decks)

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