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PSY 242 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Female

A

XX

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2
Q

Male

A

XY

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3
Q

What are the potential problems in prenatal development

A

As the age of the mother increases (35+) the risk of developmental problems in the body increases.

Older the egg the more problems like
- Genetic errors in the egg
- Donor eggs

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4
Q

After one week of preganancy what hormone is released into the bloodstream

A

HCG

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5
Q

What is HCG?

A

Hormone that senses a at home pregnancy test

The marker for the onset of pregnancy

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6
Q

For reptiles sex is determined by ___________

A

The temperature outside the egg

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7
Q

For most mammals sex is determined by

A

XX or XY

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8
Q

Which chromosome is bigger? Why?

A

X because it has more genes on it (1600 vs 50)

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9
Q

SRY gene

A

The Y chromosome has the sex determinant protein. A mutation or deletion in XY results in developing a female reproductive system (XX)

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10
Q

If SRY is present which reproductive system will occur

A

Wolffian (Male)

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11
Q

Wolffian

A

Male Reproductive system

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12
Q

Mullerian

A

Female Reproductive system

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13
Q

In early development (6 weeks) all human embryod contain both versions of sex reproductive systems

True or False

A

True

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14
Q

The male fetus development starts during the _________

A

Third gestational month

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15
Q

What happens during the third Gestational month?

A

There is a secretion of testosterone
Mullerian inhibiting substances are released which prevents the formation of female Reproductive system

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16
Q

In the male brain masculinaztion depends on the

A

Perinatal testosterone exposure

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17
Q

Process of Aromatization in males

A

Gonadal testosterone reaches the brain
The enzyme aromatase interacts with it and converts into estradiol which masculizes the male brain

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18
Q

Why is the female brain not masculanized

A

Protein alpha - fetoprotein prevennts estradioil to not go to the brain

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19
Q

Aromatase is produced in the _________

A

Ovary of the female

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20
Q

The presence / entrance of ___________ determines the masculinization of the brain

A

Estradiol

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21
Q

__________ prevents estradiol to get to the brain

A

Alpha - fetoprotein

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22
Q

What are the selected areas of aromatase activity in developing brain

A

Hypothalamus
Amygdala

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23
Q

Affects of aromatase in Hypothalamus

A

The release of hormones in the bloodstream is different from males and females

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24
Q

Affects of aromatase in Amygdala

A

Women tend to have an longer lasting responses to fear / upset

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25
Q

Both men and women have __________ but differ in __________ levels

A

Estrogen ; Testosterone

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26
Q

Who is better in spatial visualization

A

Men due to high testosterone ; but as u age testosterone goes down which makes these tasks ahrder

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27
Q

Who is better in verbal ability

A

Women do better due to the presence of estrogen

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28
Q

Cells of a fertilized are totipotent. What does this mean?

A

Totipotent means they can become anything. The cells future is not planned or predetermined. Thy can be anything

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29
Q

The early phase 2 -8 week phase of development is __________________

A

Zygote Phase

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30
Q

What happens in zygote phase?

A

After conception the cells start to multiply very quickly until it forms a embryo

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31
Q

In which stage of developement do all the vertebrates look the same?

A

Embryo

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32
Q

Where does the Nervous System Develop?

A

Neural Plate

33
Q

Ectoderm Layer

A

Develop into skin

34
Q

Mesoderm Layer

A

Develop into muscle / bone

35
Q

Endoderm Layer

A

Develop into internal organs

36
Q

What is the Neural Tube

A

At 23 days
- Sides of a neural plate fold over and incase the nural tube to protect it
- CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord develop

37
Q

Where does the brain develop in the neural tube?

A

Centre of the tube from the ventricles and the anterior neural tube

38
Q

Neural Tube develops into

39
Q

Neural Crest develops into

40
Q

2 Birth defects caused by the neural tube

A

Spina Bifida
Anencephaly

41
Q

If the neural tube does not close enough at the bottom, the developed spinal cord will be exposed _______________

A

Spina Bifida

42
Q

If the tube does not close at the top where the brain is, some parts of the brain will not develop causing _______________

A

Anencephaly

43
Q

At 35 days there is a first ___________

44
Q

Stem Cells

A
  • Totipotent
  • Multiply
  • Produce daughter cells
45
Q

Daughter cells of stem cells are __________

A

Multipotent

46
Q

Progenitor cells give rise to _____________

A

Glial cells

47
Q

How do new cells move out of the subventricular zone

A
  1. Radial Migration
  2. Tangential Migration
48
Q
  1. Radial Migration
A

Direct pathway out

49
Q

_________ cells attach to help neurons / glial cells perform radial migration outward to the outer part of the brain

50
Q

Tangential Migration

A

Side - Side movement

51
Q

___________ is the cortex which is the source of higher cognitive function

52
Q

How many layers does the neocortex have, and which layer is the deepest

A

6 layer
Layer 6 is the deepest

53
Q

In cell migration which protein signals cells to go where they need to go

54
Q

_______ cells help glial cells to go to the right layer and __________ cells to get to their more specific area

A

Radio ; Transgential

55
Q

Stages of cell Differentiation

A

Migrate - aggregate - differentiate

  1. Become a specific cell such as a glioblast or neuroblast based on chemical signals
  2. Which turns genes on
  3. Specific Proteins are made
  4. Cells make specific calls
56
Q

2 ways young neurons start to mature

A
  1. Axonal Growth
  2. Dendritic Growth
57
Q
  1. Axonal Growth
A

extend their axons to nearby targets to initiate synapse formation

58
Q

Dendrictic growth

A

Sprouts dendrites to provide surface area of synapses with other cells

59
Q

Is axonal growth faster or dendrictic

A

Axons grow at a much faster pace

60
Q

Describe Axonal Growth

A
  1. Axons have growth cone which is the growing tip of the axon
  2. The filopod reaches from the end of the developing axon to search for / detect potential synapses
  3. The growth cone senses chemical signals from target cells
61
Q

Pioneer growth cones are first to establish a path of synapses. Other cells follow this path. What is this called?

A

Fasiculation

62
Q

Neurotrophic factors

A

Help in synaptogenesis
Helps with connection and the overall health of a neuron
NTFs are limited, neurons need to compete for them

63
Q

Fetal stage is from ________ to __________

A

9 weeks to Birth

64
Q

**** When does gyrus and sulci begin to form?

A

Fetal Stage at 8 months

65
Q

More neurons are produced than needed

True or False

66
Q

2 pathways for cell death

A
  1. Necrosis
  2. Apoptosis
67
Q

Necrosis

A

Content of cell spill out and promote other reactions causing collateral damage

68
Q

Apoptosis

A

Cell slowly dies but damage stays within the cell, programmed cell death

69
Q

Difference between Necrosis and Apoptosis

A

Necrosis is dumb : dies but also creates damage to other cells
Apoptosis : respectable death. Bro dies alone

70
Q

A condition that occurs when cell death does not occur

A

Syndactyly

71
Q

What is the last stage of development

A

Myelenation

72
Q

Synaptic purning

A

A drop in synapses because of the lack of use which happens throughout adulthood

73
Q

Which area does synaptic purning most occur

A

Visual Areas

74
Q

How does Autism occur

A

Too many synapses, no synaptic purning

75
Q

Symptoms of autism

A

Reduced Social Awareness Repetetive behaviours

76
Q

Williams syndrome

A

Genetic
Big eyes
Extremely socialab
always happy

77
Q

Williams syndrome has high activity in

A

Broncas area

78
Q

WS has low activity / reduced dev in

A

Frontal lobe and parietal lobe

PSY 242 (5 decks)

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