Chapter 6 Flashcards
Perceptual affect of Drug is based on
Psychoactive drug
Drug needs to reach the brain for perceptual effect to work
Speed of Action of a Drug
Is how long before drug takes effect
What does speed of action depend on
Barriers
More barriers for a drug means
Longer for the drug to take effect
Higher dosage is required when more __________ are present for speed of action
Barriers are present, blocking the brain
Easiest way to take a drug
Oral Administration
Also a more common way
Advantages of taking a pill
It is convenient, and it is easy to swallow a pill
Disadvantages of taking a pill
Not very efficient
A lot of barriers to get to the brain
Takes the longest to take effect
What is the biggest barrier for oral medication
The digestive system
It is hard for the drug to pass the digestive system, and pass it.
A higher dose of drug is required when taken orally
Path on arm and Sublingual Absorbtion are more effective because _____________
They do not have to pass the digestive system
Patch on arm / Absorbtion into the skin tissue
Soaks into the skin, through muscles
Travels to the brain through the bloodstream
For a patch on arm a _________ dosage is used
Lower Dosage is used because it does not need to pass the digestive system
For a patch on arm the drug release is ______________
Slow
Sublingual Absorbtion
A small pill is dissolved under the tongue
Gets in bloostream through the membrane of the mouth
Why is sublingual absorbtion through the bloodstream faster than patch on arm technique
Getting into the bloodstream from the membrane of the mouth is faster
The fastest ways for a drug to reach the brain
- Inhalation
- Injection
Pathway for inhalation to the brain
Smoke / Inhale - lungs - brain
* Very Speedy* think cocaine
No barriers
Within seconds
Injection
Injected directly into the bloodstream and then goes to the brain
Has few barriers
Fast
What is the main challege that drug developers have
To develop a drug that crosses the BBB
BBB is the __________ of the brain
Natural defence mechanism
Main neurotransmitter in the dopaminergic system
Dopamine
2 main pathways for Reward Seeking behaviour
- Mesolimbic Pathway
- Nigrostriatal pathway
Main reward seeking behaviour for the brain
Mesolimbic Pathway
Reward seeking centre in the brain
Nucleus Accumbens
What happens in the Mesolimbic pathway
It is the main reward pathway
Nucleus accumbens is the main reward centre
Neurons are firing in the nucleus accumbens when experiencing reward
Nigro pathway
Pathway for repetetive movements
Substantia Nigra
Simple repetitive movmeents
What happens when Substantia Nigra is damaged
OCD, Turrets Syndrome, Parkinsons
Any reward increases __________ in _____________
Dopamine in Nucleus Accumbens
When is the activity in nucleus accumbens the highest?
Before you get the reward because of the anticipation
Less response when u get the reward
What does Striatum do in reward
Basic learning area
Example: Press the liver, get food
Involved in basic associative responses
What does the hippocampus do
Keep good memories
long term memories
Drug addicts are fond of memories of a drug
What does the amygdala do
emotional responses to experiences
Like how the drug feels
Process emotional aspects of experience.
Makes u feel good
Prefrontal Cortex for Reward seeking behaviour
Involved in planning and impulse control
Area of the brain that goes crazy during addiction
IMPULSE CONTROL
Placebo effect
Based on expection ; feeling relief just because you are expecting to feel relief.
Having a pain
Giving a placebo pain medication giving hope that pain will reduce.
Ratings of pain goes down. Just psychologically
Nocebo effect
Having a pain
Giving a pain medication saying pain will become woese
Ratings of pain goes up
It is all psychological
Tolerance
Overuse of drug weakens the response from it
Drug has less of an effect
Two types of tolerances
- Metabolic
- Functional
What does metabolic tolerance involve _____________
liver
The longevity of a drug effect depends on how _________ liver metabolizes it
slowly
Metabolic Tolerance
More frequent use of drug
Liver is more effecient
Metabolizes infaster
Drug effect is impaired ; slower
What does functional tolerance involve
Synapse
The ion responsible for the release of Neurotransmitter into synapse is __________
Calcium
Repeated use of a drug causes less ____________ release at axon terminal
Calcium
Less calcium release means less Neurotransmitter release
Steps of Drug Dependence
- Initial Drug Taking
- Habitual Drug Taking
- Drug craving and Repeated Relapse
- Initial Drug use
You take the drug cuz it makes u feel good
- Constant Drug Taking
If drug is not consumed the person gets withdwal symptoms
Phsyiological dependence
Physically good
Withdrwal sympoms can go away
Psychological dependence
Craving does not go away
They are drawn to it
At the beginning Drug Dependence is a ___________ reinforcement
Postitive
As drug consumption becomes more common it becomes _________ reinforcement
Negative
Physiological changes to drug dependance
Alters the reward pathway
Changes genes, proteins and epigenetic mechanisms
What are the long term changes in addicted brain?
High Impulsivity
Become extra sensitive
Cannot stop themselves, helps explain irrational behaviour.
Physical changes to reward pathway
Who is more susceptible to drugs. Men or women?
Women
Why are women more susceptible than men for drugs
Smaller Body
Effects of estrogen
In rats less low estrogen showed less _______________
Drug Dependance
Drugs can either __________ or ___________ release of neurotransmitters
Increase or decrease
Steps of Drug action at the synapse
- Release
- Binding
- Reuptake
- Enzyme Breakdown
Drugs that increase release of Neurotransmitters
Agonist
Drugs that decrease release of Neurotransmitters
Antagonist
Binding
The affect of how Neutotransmitter acts on the post synaptic cell
Reuptake
Brings neurotrasnmitters into axon terminal
Benzodiazepines
Antianxiety drug
Slows a person down
Sleepy
Calms a person down
Minor Transquilizers
Barbiturates
Intended to put a person to sleep
Anesthetic
Alcohol
Sedative hypnotic
Used as social drug
Makes person sleepy
The commonality between benzo, barbi and alcohol is
Slows a person down
People with anxiety are not adviced to take ___________
Alcohol
When a person drinks alcohol, what happens phsyiologically ?
Alcohol components binds to a channel
Chloride enters the cell (making cell hyperpolarized)
GABA an inhibitory neurotransmitter is used to slow things down
Taking which two substances is not adviced
Alcohol and Antidepressants
What does long term alcohol alter
GABA receptors
Withdrawl symptoms of alcohol
Uncontrollable shaking
Seizures
True or False
Alcohol passes easily from bloodstream to brain
True
Main difference between Glutamate and GABA
GABA: Inhibitory (Slow things down)
Glutamate: Excitatory (Speed things up)
What is the receptor that is involved when a person cannot remember post alcohol events
NMDA
NMDA receptor is associated with
Glutamate
In which part of the brain does NMDA alter
Hippocampus
Makes sense because people lose memory with heavy booze intake
Two ways to treat alcohol
- Psychotherapy
- Drug Therapy
Psychotherapy
Treating with maybe alcohol related councelling ??
Psychologically
Drug Therapy
Allows a person to have a negative feeling after drinking alcohol
Makes u physically feel bad after drinking
Which receptor does THC act on
CB1
Overall what kind a feeling does THC give
slow them down
Relaxing
GABAergic effect
CBD oil acts on ___________ receptor
CB 2 receptor
How is CBD oil beneficial
Role in anti inflammatory
Immune responses
“Legit Role” of GHB
Calms a person down
Symptoms of GHB
Dizziness
Sleep
Vomiting
Causes memory loss
GHB is used as __________ therapy for individuals with ____________ withdrawl
Drug
Alcohol
Ketamine
Surgical anesthesia and anti depressant
3 main symptoms of Schizophrenia
- Hallucinations
- Delusions
- Psychosis
First Antipsychotic Drug
Chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine
Was designed to an anesthetic but failed
NOT AN ANESTHETIC
But was a miracle drug, patients came back to reality
Chlorpromazine is an __________ to dopamine
Antagonist
Side effects when you antagonize dopamine
Tardive dyskinesia
Anhedonia
Tardive dyskinesia
Tremors, unwanted shaking, unwanted movments
anhedonia
lack of joy or pleasure
Second gen Antipsychotics acts on ________________
Dopamine and Seratonin receptors
Mainly a seratonin antagonist
1st generation antidepressants were
MAO inhibitors
1st generation antidepressants were prone to high _____________ when ate diary related foods
Blood pressure
Patients on MAO inhibitors started to report _______
elevated blood pressure
What are special about Tricyclic Antidepressants?
Alleviates mood WITHOUT increase in blood pressire
Difference between MAO inhibitors and Tricyclic Antidepressants
MAO inhibitors increase blood pressure
Tricyclic Antidepresants do not influence blood pressure
The go to Antidepressant drug ____________ right now
SSRI (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)
SNRI
Has norepinephrine in it. Agonist for seratonin and norepinephrine
SSRI and SNRI are very quick to show effects
True or False
False
Ketamine as an antidepressant
Used in Severe cases
Low doses
Works fast
Elevated mood quickly
SSRI mainly effects the _________
Hippocampus
Nicotine binds with ____________
Acetylcholine
Secondary responses to nicotine
increase in dopamine and serotonin
Cocaine is a stimulus or a depressant
Stimulus
Primary NT activated by cocaine
Dopamine
Which sex is cocaine more enhanced in
Women
Chronic use of meth effects the ___________ and results in _____________
Hippocampus
Memory defecits
Opioid is a ___________
Pain releiver
The two types of pain opiods treat
- Affective
- Reflective
Affective Pain
Emotional aspect of pain
Negative feeling
Reflexive
Physical pain
Ascending pathways for opioids
Hand to brain
Involved in physical pain
Descending patway for opioid
brain to body parts
Pathway used for placebo effect
Morphine gave pain releif and _________
Euphoric sense ; psychoactive element
Heroin is used to treat ___________
Tuberculosis
A drug with the most serious withdraawl is
Alcohol
Allodynia
Withdrawl symptom
Person feels pain when they should not
Myoclonic movements
Muscle spasms
Twitching movements
Opiod antagonist is _________
Naloxone
Primary target for hallucinogens
Seratonin
