Chapter 6 Flashcards
1
Q
Perceptual affect of Drug is based on
A
Psychoactive drug
Drug needs to reach the brain for perceptual effect to work
2
Q
Speed of Action of a Drug
A
Is how long before drug takes effect
3
Q
What does speed of action depend on
A
Barriers
4
Q
More barriers for a drug means
A
Longer for the drug to take effect
5
Q
Higher dosage is required when more __________ are present for speed of action
A
Barriers are present, blocking the brain
6
Q
Easiest way to take a drug
A
Oral Administration
Also a more common way
7
Q
Advantages of taking a pill
A
It is convenient, and it is easy to swallow a pill
8
Q
Disadvantages of taking a pill
A
Not very efficient
A lot of barriers to get to the brain
Takes the longest to take effect
9
Q
What is the biggest barrier for oral medication
A
The digestive system
It is hard for the drug to pass the digestive system, and pass it.
A higher dose of drug is required when taken orally
10
Q
Path on arm and Sublingual Absorbtion are more effective because _____________
A
They do not have to pass the digestive system
11
Q
Patch on arm / Absorbtion into the skin tissue
A
Soaks into the skin, through muscles
Travels to the brain through the bloodstream
12
Q
For a patch on arm a _________ dosage is used
A
Lower Dosage is used because it does not need to pass the digestive system
13
Q
For a patch on arm the drug release is ______________
A
Slow
14
Q
Sublingual Absorbtion
A
A small pill is dissolved under the tongue
Gets in bloostream through the membrane of the mouth
15
Q
Why is sublingual absorbtion through the bloodstream faster than patch on arm technique
A
Getting into the bloodstream from the membrane of the mouth is faster
16
Q
The fastest ways for a drug to reach the brain
A
- Inhalation
- Injection
17
Q
Pathway for inhalation to the brain
A
Smoke / Inhale - lungs - brain
* Very Speedy* think cocaine
No barriers
Within seconds
18
Q
Injection
A
Injected directly into the bloodstream and then goes to the brain
Has few barriers
Fast
19
Q
What is the main challege that drug developers have
A
To develop a drug that crosses the BBB
20
Q
BBB is the __________ of the brain
A
Natural defence mechanism
21
Q
Main neurotransmitter in the dopaminergic system
A
Dopamine
22
Q
2 main pathways for Reward Seeking behaviour
A
- Mesolimbic Pathway
- Nigrostriatal pathway
23
Q
Main reward seeking behaviour for the brain
A
Mesolimbic Pathway
24
Q
Reward seeking centre in the brain
A
Nucleus Accumbens
25
What happens in the Mesolimbic pathway
It is the main reward pathway
Nucleus accumbens is the main reward centre
Neurons are firing in the nucleus accumbens when experiencing reward
26
Nigro pathway
Pathway for repetetive movements
27
Substantia Nigra
Simple repetitive movmeents
28
What happens when Substantia Nigra is damaged
OCD, Turrets Syndrome, Parkinsons
29
Any reward increases __________ in _____________
Dopamine in Nucleus Accumbens
30
When is the activity in nucleus accumbens the highest?
Before you get the reward because of the anticipation
Less response when u get the reward
31
What does Striatum do in reward
Basic learning area
Example: Press the liver, get food
Involved in basic associative responses
32
What does the hippocampus do
Keep good memories
long term memories
Drug addicts are fond of memories of a drug
33
What does the amygdala do
emotional responses to experiences
Like how the drug feels
Process emotional aspects of experience.
Makes u feel good
34
Prefrontal Cortex for Reward seeking behaviour
Involved in planning and impulse control
Area of the brain that goes crazy during addiction
IMPULSE CONTROL
35
Placebo effect
Based on expection ; feeling relief just because you are expecting to feel relief.
Having a pain
Giving a placebo pain medication giving hope that pain will reduce.
Ratings of pain goes down. Just psychologically
36
Nocebo effect
Having a pain
Giving a pain medication saying pain will become woese
Ratings of pain goes up
It is all psychological
37
Tolerance
Overuse of drug weakens the response from it
Drug has less of an effect
38
Two types of tolerances
1. Metabolic
2. Functional
39
What does metabolic tolerance involve _____________
liver
40
The longevity of a drug effect depends on how _________ liver metabolizes it
slowly
41
Metabolic Tolerance
More frequent use of drug
Liver is more effecient
Metabolizes infaster
Drug effect is impaired ; slower
42
What does functional tolerance involve
Synapse
43
The ion responsible for the release of Neurotransmitter into synapse is __________
Calcium
44
Repeated use of a drug causes less ____________ release at axon terminal
Calcium
Less calcium release means less Neurotransmitter release
45
Steps of Drug Dependence
1. Initial Drug Taking
2. Habitual Drug Taking
3. Drug craving and Repeated Relapse
46
1. Initial Drug use
You take the drug cuz it makes u feel good
47
2. Constant Drug Taking
If drug is not consumed the person gets withdwal symptoms
48
Phsyiological dependence
Physically good
Withdrwal sympoms can go away
49
Psychological dependence
Craving does not go away
They are drawn to it
50
At the beginning Drug Dependence is a ___________ reinforcement
Postitive
51
As drug consumption becomes more common it becomes _________ reinforcement
Negative
52
Physiological changes to drug dependance
Alters the reward pathway
Changes genes, proteins and epigenetic mechanisms
53
What are the long term changes in addicted brain?
High Impulsivity
Become extra sensitive
Cannot stop themselves, helps explain irrational behaviour.
Physical changes to reward pathway
54
Who is more susceptible to drugs. Men or women?
Women
55
Why are women more susceptible than men for drugs
Smaller Body
Effects of estrogen
56
In rats less low estrogen showed less _______________
Drug Dependance
57
Drugs can either __________ or ___________ release of neurotransmitters
Increase or decrease
58
Steps of Drug action at the synapse
1. Release
2. Binding
3. Reuptake
4. Enzyme Breakdown
59
Drugs that increase release of Neurotransmitters
Agonist
60
Drugs that decrease release of Neurotransmitters
Antagonist
61
Binding
The affect of how Neutotransmitter acts on the post synaptic cell
62
Reuptake
Brings neurotrasnmitters into axon terminal
63
Benzodiazepines
Antianxiety drug
Slows a person down
Sleepy
Calms a person down
Minor Transquilizers
64
Barbiturates
Intended to put a person to sleep
Anesthetic
65
Alcohol
Sedative hypnotic
Used as social drug
Makes person sleepy
66
The commonality between benzo, barbi and alcohol is
Slows a person down
67
People with anxiety are not adviced to take ___________
Alcohol
68
When a person drinks alcohol, what happens phsyiologically ?
Alcohol components binds to a channel
Chloride enters the cell (making cell hyperpolarized)
GABA an inhibitory neurotransmitter is used to slow things down
69
Taking which two substances is not adviced
Alcohol and Antidepressants
70
What does long term alcohol alter
GABA receptors
71
Withdrawl symptoms of alcohol
Uncontrollable shaking
Seizures
72
True or False
Alcohol passes easily from bloodstream to brain
True
73
Main difference between Glutamate and GABA
GABA: Inhibitory (Slow things down)
Glutamate: Excitatory (Speed things up)
74
What is the receptor that is involved when a person cannot remember post alcohol events
NMDA
75
NMDA receptor is associated with
Glutamate
76
In which part of the brain does NMDA alter
Hippocampus
Makes sense because people lose memory with heavy booze intake
77
Two ways to treat alcohol
1. Psychotherapy
2. Drug Therapy
78
Psychotherapy
Treating with maybe alcohol related councelling ??
Psychologically
79
Drug Therapy
Allows a person to have a negative feeling after drinking alcohol
Makes u physically feel bad after drinking
80
Which receptor does THC act on
CB1
81
Overall what kind a feeling does THC give
slow them down
Relaxing
GABAergic effect
82
CBD oil acts on ___________ receptor
CB 2 receptor
83
How is CBD oil beneficial
Role in anti inflammatory
Immune responses
84
"Legit Role" of GHB
Calms a person down
85
Symptoms of GHB
Dizziness
Sleep
Vomiting
Causes memory loss
86
GHB is used as __________ therapy for individuals with ____________ withdrawl
Drug
Alcohol
87
Ketamine
Surgical anesthesia and anti depressant
88
3 main symptoms of Schizophrenia
1. Hallucinations
2. Delusions
3. Psychosis
89
First Antipsychotic Drug
Chlorpromazine
90
Chlorpromazine
Was designed to an anesthetic but failed
NOT AN ANESTHETIC
But was a miracle drug, patients came back to reality
91
Chlorpromazine is an __________ to dopamine
Antagonist
92
Side effects when you antagonize dopamine
Tardive dyskinesia
Anhedonia
93
Tardive dyskinesia
Tremors, unwanted shaking, unwanted movments
94
anhedonia
lack of joy or pleasure
95
Second gen Antipsychotics acts on ________________
Dopamine and Seratonin receptors
Mainly a seratonin antagonist
96
1st generation antidepressants were
MAO inhibitors
97
1st generation antidepressants were prone to high _____________ when ate diary related foods
Blood pressure
98
Patients on MAO inhibitors started to report _______
elevated blood pressure
99
What are special about Tricyclic Antidepressants?
Alleviates mood WITHOUT increase in blood pressire
100
Difference between MAO inhibitors and Tricyclic Antidepressants
MAO inhibitors increase blood pressure
Tricyclic Antidepresants do not influence blood pressure
101
The go to Antidepressant drug ____________ right now
SSRI (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)
102
SNRI
Has norepinephrine in it. Agonist for seratonin and norepinephrine
103
SSRI and SNRI are very quick to show effects
True or False
False
104
Ketamine as an antidepressant
Used in Severe cases
Low doses
Works fast
Elevated mood quickly
105
SSRI mainly effects the _________
Hippocampus
106
Nicotine binds with ____________
Acetylcholine
107
Secondary responses to nicotine
increase in dopamine and serotonin
108
Cocaine is a stimulus or a depressant
Stimulus
109
Primary NT activated by cocaine
Dopamine
110
Which sex is cocaine more enhanced in
Women
111
Chronic use of meth effects the ___________ and results in _____________
Hippocampus
Memory defecits
112
Opioid is a ___________
Pain releiver
113
The two types of pain opiods treat
1. Affective
2. Reflective
114
Affective Pain
Emotional aspect of pain
Negative feeling
115
Reflexive
Physical pain
116
Ascending pathways for opioids
Hand to brain
Involved in physical pain
117
Descending patway for opioid
brain to body parts
Pathway used for placebo effect
118
Morphine gave pain releif and _________
Euphoric sense ; psychoactive element
119
Heroin is used to treat ___________
Tuberculosis
120
A drug with the most serious withdraawl is
Alcohol
121
Allodynia
Withdrawl symptom
Person feels pain when they should not
122
Myoclonic movements
Muscle spasms
Twitching movements
123
Opiod antagonist is _________
Naloxone
124
Primary target for hallucinogens
Seratonin
