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PSY 242 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Perceptual affect of Drug is based on

A

Psychoactive drug
Drug needs to reach the brain for perceptual effect to work

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2
Q

Speed of Action of a Drug

A

Is how long before drug takes effect

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3
Q

What does speed of action depend on

A

Barriers

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4
Q

More barriers for a drug means

A

Longer for the drug to take effect

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5
Q

Higher dosage is required when more __________ are present for speed of action

A

Barriers are present, blocking the brain

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6
Q

Easiest way to take a drug

A

Oral Administration

Also a more common way

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7
Q

Advantages of taking a pill

A

It is convenient, and it is easy to swallow a pill

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8
Q

Disadvantages of taking a pill

A

Not very efficient
A lot of barriers to get to the brain
Takes the longest to take effect

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9
Q

What is the biggest barrier for oral medication

A

The digestive system
It is hard for the drug to pass the digestive system, and pass it.

A higher dose of drug is required when taken orally

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10
Q

Path on arm and Sublingual Absorbtion are more effective because _____________

A

They do not have to pass the digestive system

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11
Q

Patch on arm / Absorbtion into the skin tissue

A

Soaks into the skin, through muscles
Travels to the brain through the bloodstream

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12
Q

For a patch on arm a _________ dosage is used

A

Lower Dosage is used because it does not need to pass the digestive system

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13
Q

For a patch on arm the drug release is ______________

A

Slow

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14
Q

Sublingual Absorbtion

A

A small pill is dissolved under the tongue
Gets in bloostream through the membrane of the mouth

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15
Q

Why is sublingual absorbtion through the bloodstream faster than patch on arm technique

A

Getting into the bloodstream from the membrane of the mouth is faster

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16
Q

The fastest ways for a drug to reach the brain

A
  1. Inhalation
  2. Injection
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17
Q

Pathway for inhalation to the brain

A

Smoke / Inhale - lungs - brain

* Very Speedy* think cocaine
No barriers
Within seconds

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18
Q

Injection

A

Injected directly into the bloodstream and then goes to the brain
Has few barriers
Fast

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19
Q

What is the main challege that drug developers have

A

To develop a drug that crosses the BBB

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20
Q

BBB is the __________ of the brain

A

Natural defence mechanism

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21
Q

Main neurotransmitter in the dopaminergic system

A

Dopamine

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22
Q

2 main pathways for Reward Seeking behaviour

A
  1. Mesolimbic Pathway
  2. Nigrostriatal pathway
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23
Q

Main reward seeking behaviour for the brain

A

Mesolimbic Pathway

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24
Q

Reward seeking centre in the brain

A

Nucleus Accumbens

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25
Q

What happens in the Mesolimbic pathway

A

It is the main reward pathway
Nucleus accumbens is the main reward centre
Neurons are firing in the nucleus accumbens when experiencing reward

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26
Q

Nigro pathway

A

Pathway for repetetive movements

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27
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

Simple repetitive movmeents

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28
Q

What happens when Substantia Nigra is damaged

A

OCD, Turrets Syndrome, Parkinsons

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29
Q

Any reward increases __________ in _____________

A

Dopamine in Nucleus Accumbens

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30
Q

When is the activity in nucleus accumbens the highest?

A

Before you get the reward because of the anticipation

Less response when u get the reward

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31
Q

What does Striatum do in reward

A

Basic learning area
Example: Press the liver, get food
Involved in basic associative responses

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32
Q

What does the hippocampus do

A

Keep good memories
long term memories
Drug addicts are fond of memories of a drug

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33
Q

What does the amygdala do

A

emotional responses to experiences
Like how the drug feels
Process emotional aspects of experience.
Makes u feel good

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34
Q

Prefrontal Cortex for Reward seeking behaviour

A

Involved in planning and impulse control
Area of the brain that goes crazy during addiction
IMPULSE CONTROL

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35
Q

Placebo effect

A

Based on expection ; feeling relief just because you are expecting to feel relief.

Having a pain
Giving a placebo pain medication giving hope that pain will reduce.
Ratings of pain goes down. Just psychologically

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36
Q

Nocebo effect

A

Having a pain
Giving a pain medication saying pain will become woese
Ratings of pain goes up

It is all psychological

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37
Q

Tolerance

A

Overuse of drug weakens the response from it

Drug has less of an effect

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38
Q

Two types of tolerances

A
  1. Metabolic
  2. Functional
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39
Q

What does metabolic tolerance involve _____________

A

liver

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40
Q

The longevity of a drug effect depends on how _________ liver metabolizes it

A

slowly

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41
Q

Metabolic Tolerance

A

More frequent use of drug
Liver is more effecient
Metabolizes infaster
Drug effect is impaired ; slower

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42
Q

What does functional tolerance involve

A

Synapse

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43
Q

The ion responsible for the release of Neurotransmitter into synapse is __________

A

Calcium

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44
Q

Repeated use of a drug causes less ____________ release at axon terminal

A

Calcium

Less calcium release means less Neurotransmitter release

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45
Q

Steps of Drug Dependence

A
  1. Initial Drug Taking
  2. Habitual Drug Taking
  3. Drug craving and Repeated Relapse
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46
Q
  1. Initial Drug use
A

You take the drug cuz it makes u feel good

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47
Q
  1. Constant Drug Taking
A

If drug is not consumed the person gets withdwal symptoms

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48
Q

Phsyiological dependence

A

Physically good
Withdrwal sympoms can go away

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49
Q

Psychological dependence

A

Craving does not go away
They are drawn to it

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50
Q

At the beginning Drug Dependence is a ___________ reinforcement

A

Postitive

51
Q

As drug consumption becomes more common it becomes _________ reinforcement

A

Negative

52
Q

Physiological changes to drug dependance

A

Alters the reward pathway
Changes genes, proteins and epigenetic mechanisms

53
Q

What are the long term changes in addicted brain?

A

High Impulsivity
Become extra sensitive
Cannot stop themselves, helps explain irrational behaviour.
Physical changes to reward pathway

54
Q

Who is more susceptible to drugs. Men or women?

A

Women

55
Q

Why are women more susceptible than men for drugs

A

Smaller Body
Effects of estrogen

56
Q

In rats less low estrogen showed less _______________

A

Drug Dependance

57
Q

Drugs can either __________ or ___________ release of neurotransmitters

A

Increase or decrease

58
Q

Steps of Drug action at the synapse

A
  1. Release
  2. Binding
  3. Reuptake
  4. Enzyme Breakdown
59
Q

Drugs that increase release of Neurotransmitters

A

Agonist

60
Q

Drugs that decrease release of Neurotransmitters

A

Antagonist

61
Q

Binding

A

The affect of how Neutotransmitter acts on the post synaptic cell

62
Q

Reuptake

A

Brings neurotrasnmitters into axon terminal

63
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Antianxiety drug
Slows a person down
Sleepy
Calms a person down
Minor Transquilizers

64
Q

Barbiturates

A

Intended to put a person to sleep
Anesthetic

65
Q

Alcohol

A

Sedative hypnotic
Used as social drug
Makes person sleepy

66
Q

The commonality between benzo, barbi and alcohol is

A

Slows a person down

67
Q

People with anxiety are not adviced to take ___________

A

Alcohol

68
Q

When a person drinks alcohol, what happens phsyiologically ?

A

Alcohol components binds to a channel
Chloride enters the cell (making cell hyperpolarized)
GABA an inhibitory neurotransmitter is used to slow things down

69
Q

Taking which two substances is not adviced

A

Alcohol and Antidepressants

70
Q

What does long term alcohol alter

A

GABA receptors

71
Q

Withdrawl symptoms of alcohol

A

Uncontrollable shaking
Seizures

72
Q

True or False

Alcohol passes easily from bloodstream to brain

A

True

73
Q

Main difference between Glutamate and GABA

A

GABA: Inhibitory (Slow things down)
Glutamate: Excitatory (Speed things up)

74
Q

What is the receptor that is involved when a person cannot remember post alcohol events

A

NMDA

75
Q

NMDA receptor is associated with

A

Glutamate

76
Q

In which part of the brain does NMDA alter

A

Hippocampus

Makes sense because people lose memory with heavy booze intake

77
Q

Two ways to treat alcohol

A
  1. Psychotherapy
  2. Drug Therapy
78
Q

Psychotherapy

A

Treating with maybe alcohol related councelling ??
Psychologically

79
Q

Drug Therapy

A

Allows a person to have a negative feeling after drinking alcohol
Makes u physically feel bad after drinking

80
Q

Which receptor does THC act on

A

CB1

81
Q

Overall what kind a feeling does THC give

A

slow them down
Relaxing
GABAergic effect

82
Q

CBD oil acts on ___________ receptor

A

CB 2 receptor

83
Q

How is CBD oil beneficial

A

Role in anti inflammatory
Immune responses

84
Q

“Legit Role” of GHB

A

Calms a person down

85
Q

Symptoms of GHB

A

Dizziness
Sleep
Vomiting
Causes memory loss

86
Q

GHB is used as __________ therapy for individuals with ____________ withdrawl

A

Drug
Alcohol

87
Q

Ketamine

A

Surgical anesthesia and anti depressant

88
Q

3 main symptoms of Schizophrenia

A
  1. Hallucinations
  2. Delusions
  3. Psychosis
89
Q

First Antipsychotic Drug

A

Chlorpromazine

90
Q

Chlorpromazine

A

Was designed to an anesthetic but failed
NOT AN ANESTHETIC
But was a miracle drug, patients came back to reality

91
Q

Chlorpromazine is an __________ to dopamine

A

Antagonist

92
Q

Side effects when you antagonize dopamine

A

Tardive dyskinesia
Anhedonia

93
Q

Tardive dyskinesia

A

Tremors, unwanted shaking, unwanted movments

94
Q

anhedonia

A

lack of joy or pleasure

95
Q

Second gen Antipsychotics acts on ________________

A

Dopamine and Seratonin receptors

Mainly a seratonin antagonist

96
Q

1st generation antidepressants were

A

MAO inhibitors

97
Q

1st generation antidepressants were prone to high _____________ when ate diary related foods

A

Blood pressure

98
Q

Patients on MAO inhibitors started to report _______

A

elevated blood pressure

99
Q

What are special about Tricyclic Antidepressants?

A

Alleviates mood WITHOUT increase in blood pressire

100
Q

Difference between MAO inhibitors and Tricyclic Antidepressants

A

MAO inhibitors increase blood pressure
Tricyclic Antidepresants do not influence blood pressure

101
Q

The go to Antidepressant drug ____________ right now

A

SSRI (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)

102
Q

SNRI

A

Has norepinephrine in it. Agonist for seratonin and norepinephrine

103
Q

SSRI and SNRI are very quick to show effects

True or False

A

False

104
Q

Ketamine as an antidepressant

A

Used in Severe cases
Low doses
Works fast
Elevated mood quickly

105
Q

SSRI mainly effects the _________

A

Hippocampus

106
Q

Nicotine binds with ____________

A

Acetylcholine

107
Q

Secondary responses to nicotine

A

increase in dopamine and serotonin

108
Q

Cocaine is a stimulus or a depressant

A

Stimulus

109
Q

Primary NT activated by cocaine

A

Dopamine

110
Q

Which sex is cocaine more enhanced in

A

Women

111
Q

Chronic use of meth effects the ___________ and results in _____________

A

Hippocampus
Memory defecits

112
Q

Opioid is a ___________

A

Pain releiver

113
Q

The two types of pain opiods treat

A
  1. Affective
  2. Reflective
114
Q

Affective Pain

A

Emotional aspect of pain
Negative feeling

115
Q

Reflexive

A

Physical pain

116
Q

Ascending pathways for opioids

A

Hand to brain
Involved in physical pain

117
Q

Descending patway for opioid

A

brain to body parts
Pathway used for placebo effect

118
Q

Morphine gave pain releif and _________

A

Euphoric sense ; psychoactive element

119
Q

Heroin is used to treat ___________

A

Tuberculosis

120
Q

A drug with the most serious withdraawl is

A

Alcohol

121
Q

Allodynia

A

Withdrawl symptom
Person feels pain when they should not

122
Q

Myoclonic movements

A

Muscle spasms
Twitching movements

123
Q

Opiod antagonist is _________

A

Naloxone

124
Q

Primary target for hallucinogens

A

Seratonin

PSY 242 (5 decks)

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