Chapter 9

Question 1

What is extinction?

Answer 1

Loss of conditioned responding resulting
from the absence of:
– The US in Pavlovian conditioning
– The reinforcer in instrumental conditioning

Question 2

Breaking the association between the CS and
US can

Answer 2

extinguish the new CSCR reflex:

Question 3

Extinction does not erase the

Answer 3

CS/US
connection, just inhibits it:

Question 4

__ can make the CS effective again!

Answer 4

Stress, new context, and/or passage of time

Question 5

Extinction is important in the clinic (2):

Answer 5

(1) may be used to help eliminate problematic behaviours
e.g. child acts out

-identify and eliminate events that reinforce “acting out”

-bad behaviour should decline

(2) exposure therapy for fear, phobias, addiction

Question 6

behavioural effects of extinction: decreases the target behaviour but:

Answer 6

increases response variability

Question 7

behavioural effects of extinction: temporary increase in:

Answer 7

frequency of the originally reinforced responses (extinction burst)

Question 8

behavioural effects of extinction:

Answer 8

1. decreases the target behaviour, but increases response variability
2. Temporary increase in frequency of the originally reinforced response (extinction burst)

Question 9

Is extinction synonymous with forgetting?

Answer 9

NO

Question 10

define forgetting:

Answer 10

loss of behaviour that occurs because of the passage of time

Question 11

is extinction habituation?

Answer 11

NO!

Question 12

define extinction:

Answer 12

decline in learned behaviour

Question 13

define habituation:

Answer 13

decline in unlearned behaviour

Question 14

Emotional Effects of Extinction:

Answer 14

-Withholding reinforcement during
extinction produces strong emotional
responses (frustration)
- Frustration induced by extinction can lead to aggression

Question 15

Rescorla-Wagner Model: Revisited: conclusion: extinction:

Answer 15

Extinction decreases V

Question 16

Spontaneous Recovery:Original learning remains

Answer 16

intact

Question 17

Reinstatement:

Answer 17

The recovery of conditioned behaviour produced
by exposure to the US following extinction

Question 18

LaBar & Phelps, 2005

Answer 18

• Fear conditioning in humans
• Blue square  loud noise
• Measured skin conductance
  (sweating)
• Extinction
• Exposure to noise in same
  context or different context
• Test responses to blue
  square in training context

Question 19

Renewal:ABA Renewal paradigm

Answer 19

Conditioning in Context A

Extinction in Context B

TEST in Context A

Question 20

Implications of Renewal Effects (2):

Answer 20

1. Extinction results in learning a new
   meaning about the CS, which is specific
   to the extinction context
2. Following extinction, contextual cues are
   utilized to retrieve the appropriate
   meaning of the CS

– Therefore, contexts may function as
‘occasion-setters’ for conditioned behaviou

Question 21

Extinction results in

Answer 21

learning a new
meaning about the CS, which is specific
to the extinction context

Question 22

. Following extinction, contextual cues are utilized to

Answer 22

retrieve the appropriate
meaning of the CS

Question 23

contexts may function as
___’ for conditioned behaviour

Answer 23

‘occasion-setters’

Question 24

Extinction is an ____ process

Answer 24

Extinction is an active process

Question 25

Extinction is an active process

Answer 25

Behaviourally, it increases response variability but
decreases overall levels of behaviour

Question 26

Extinction is not simply

Answer 26

the loss of conditioned
behaviour due to ‘forgetting,’ ‘habituation’, or the
‘erasure’ of memory

Question 27

extinction does not produce

Answer 27

forgetting’ or
‘erasure’ is demonstrated by renewal,
reinstatement, and spontaneous recovery

Question 28

Enhancing Extinction:

Answer 28

Exposure Therapy
Use Multiple Contexts
Extinction Reminder CuesCompounding Extinction Stimuli

Question 29

Conducting extinction in multiple distinct contexts
attenuates

Answer 29

the renewal of alcohol seeking

Question 30

Extinction Reminder Cues

Answer 30

Present a cue at test that was only previously
experienced during extinction to ‘remind’ subjects of
the CS-no US association learned during extinction

Question 31

Compounding Extinction Stimuli

Answer 31

Presenting two extinguished stimuli in compound
‘deepens’ extinction

Question 32

Strengthening or enhancing extinction
learning can prove useful in therapy
* However, for these strategies to have
clinical applicability, the

Answer 32

long-lasting
effects of these manipulations need to be
tested in renewal, reinstatement or
spontaneous recovery procedures

Question 33

How Much of the
Original Learning is Retained?

Answer 33

S-O and R-O associations remain intact after
extinction
The inhibitory S-R association serves to suppress

Question 34

Partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE)

Answer 34

Greater persistence in instrumental responding in
extinction after partial (or intermittent) reinforcement
training than after continuous reinforcement training

Question 35

Mechanisms of PREE

Answer 35

Discrimination hypothesis Frustration theory, Sequential theory

Question 36

iscrimination hypothesis:

Answer 36

Easier to detect the absence of reinforcement after CRF vs.
PR schedule during training
* Rats trained with PR followed by CRF still show resistance to
extinction

Question 37

Frustration theory (A. Amsel):

Answer 37

Persistence in extinction results from learning to continue