Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fundamentals of Learning > Chapter 2.1 > Flashcards

Chapter 2.1 Flashcards

Elicited behaviour, Habituation, Sensitization

1
Q

Recall: What is learning:

A

-A relatively permanent change in behaviour, knowledge, capability or attitude

-Acquired through experience

BUT cannot be attributed to illness, injury or maturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Reflex or instinctive behaviours:

A

Inborn and do NOT require learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Descartes:

A

-Reflexes are automatic, innate and invariant

-“Energy of eliciting stimulus is transferred to the motor response through a direct physical connection”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How did we test Descartes’ assumption that reflexes are automatic, innate and invariant -> “energy of eliciting stimulus is transferred to the motor response through a direct physical connection”

A

We test one reflex to determine, more precisely we tested salivary response to flavour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What was the HYPOTHESIS for the test reactivity experiment?

A

Elicited behaviour is invariant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What was the PREDICTION for the test reactivity experiment?

A

Strength of the elicited response should remain constant across repeated stimulus presentations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What was the experimental design of the taste reactivity experiment?

A

Group 1: Repeated presentations of lemon (0.03ml/trial)
Group 2: Repeated presentations of lime (0.03 ml/trial)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What were the dependent measures of the taste reactivity experiment?

A

-salivation
-hedonic ratings of taste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What were the results of the taste reactivity experiment?

A

-Salivation and hedonic ratings decrease with repeated presentations of either lemon or lime
-Change flavour: recovery in salivation and liking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What were the conclusions of the taste reactivity experiment:

A

-Elicited behaviour is not invariant
-The observed effect pattern suggests that elicited responses can habituate
-Habituation is stimulus specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the definition of habituation?

A

A progressive decrease in the vigour of elicited behaviour that may occur with repeated presentations of eliciting stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Habituation is the __ of memory

A

Habituation is the simplest form of memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Habituation is a type of __ learning

A

nonassociative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When we habituate to something in our environment it means we ___

A

respond less and less to it until eventually, we do not even notice it is there (ex: braces)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the behaviourist approach to habituation?

A

-Defines habituation as a decrease in behaviour
-Focusing on behaviour allows objective, standardized measurement (e.g., force of startle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Quantification of habituation:

A

Early strong responses decline to later weak response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Asymptote:

A

relatively stable point after substantial training

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Characteristics of habituation:

A

Habituation is ubiquitous ; i.e. Found throughout the animal kingdom (even some single-celled organisms show habituation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In regards to the ubiquitous characteristic of habituation, what are some similarities between all these organisms (6)?

A

-Dis-habituation
-Stimulus specificity
-Spontaneous recovery
-Shorts and long term forms
-Spaced works better than massed
-Innocuous (weak) stimuli work better than strong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Dishabituation (ubiquitous characteristic of habituation):

A

A novel/arousing stimulus can temporarily recover responses to the habituating stimulus –> this fades quickly though

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Stimulus specificity (ubiquitous characteristic of habituation):

A

-Generally, responses only decrease to the habituating stimulus
-For very similar stimuli, however, there can be some generalization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Spontaneous Recovery (ubiquitous characteristic of habituation):

A

-When repeated stimulus stops, behaviour gradually returns to normal
-Time for recovery depends on several factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Short vs Long-Term forms (ubiquitous characteristic of habituation):

A

-More repetitions of the stimulus, longer lasting habituation

-With many repetitions, effects can become relatively permanent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Massed vs Spaced (ubiquitous characteristic of habituation):

A

Taking breaks between sessions of repeated stimuli makes habituation develop more slowly but last much longer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Weaker stimulus = more habitation (ubiquitous characteristic of habituation):

A

-The stronger the stimulus, the less habituation develops
-This ensures that weak/useless stimuli are ignored but painful/important stimuli gain more attention
-with very strong (noxious) stimuli, sensitization occurs..

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Habituation is NOT:

A

sensory adaptation or fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

fatigue site is located:

A

at the muscle or motor neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Habituation site is located:

A

IN the central nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Sensory adaptation site is located at:

A

sense organ or sensory neuron

30
Q

What is sensitization?

A

Increase in strength or occurrence of a behaviour due to exposure to an arousing or noxious stimuli

31
Q

What is the definition of sensitization?

A

An increase in the vigour of elicited behaviour that may occur with repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus, or from exposure to a strong extraneous stimulus

32
Q

When we are sensitized to something in our environment, it means:

A

We show an exagerated response to a normal stimulus (because of repeated exposure to it)

33
Q

How do we quantify sensitization?

A

-Initial habituation to settle animals to a stable baseline

-Sensitization: increased responding to START stimulus after shock (above baseline)

34
Q

Is sensitization also ubiquitous?

A

Yes!

35
Q

What are the common characteristics of sensitization(7)?

A

-spontaneous recovery
-short and long term forms
-massed better than spaced
-Noxious (painful) stimuli work better than weak
- More generalization, less stimulus specificity
-Can develop with jus a single noxious stimulus

36
Q

What are the characteristics of sensitization?

A

-Sensitization is also ubiquitous
-shows a common set of characteristics(7)
- a conserved mechanism to increase responses to stimuli that are important

37
Q

Habituation:

A

-Decreases behaviour
-Innocuous stimulus
-Repeated exposure
-Stimulus specific

38
Q

Sensitization

A

-Increases behaviour
-Noxious stimulus
-Single trial (but more helps!)
-Generalizes

39
Q

Although habituation and sensitization are distinct, both help:

A

-Adapt behaviour to predictable environment

40
Q

Habituation and sensitization actually occur in:

A

Parallel

41
Q

Who invented the dual process theory of habituation and sensitization?

A

Groves and Thomson (1970)

42
Q

What is the dual process theory:

A

Habituation and sensitization EFFECTS are mediated by distinct underlying neural PROCESSES

43
Q

Dual process theory: Habituation Process: S-R system

A

Shortest neural pathway between sense and muscles involved in the response
e.g. the reflex arc

44
Q

Sensitization Process: State system:

A

Parts of the nervous system that determine an organism’s level of responsiveness or arousal

45
Q

In the dual process theory, both processes __

A

may be activated at the same time
-Behavioural outcome is the net result of both habituation and sensitization processes

46
Q

Groves and Thompson (1970) proposed that:

A

Habituation and sensitization reflect differential activation of two different systems:

  • A low threshold reflex pathway that weakens with repeated use

-a high threshold “state system” that when activated, increases responses globally

47
Q

Explain what happens in dual process theory when WEAK stimulus?

A

Primarily reflex pathway activation, stimulus specific decline in responsiveness

48
Q

Explain what happens in dual process theory when NOXIOUS stimulus:

A

reflex + state system activation, generalized increase in responsiveness

49
Q
A
50
Q

Habituation:

A

A decrease in the strength or occurrence of a behaviour due to repeated exposure to the stimulus that produces the behaviour

51
Q

(recall animal models of learning): Invertebrates are simple systems, but can provide:

A

A lot of knowledge to what we are trying to understand (Dual process theory)

52
Q

Experimental advantages in using invertebrate nervous systems (5):

A

-Small nervous systems
-Large neurons
-Identifiable neurons
-Identifiable circuits
-Simple genetics

53
Q

Aplysia Californica, the “sea hare” has:

A

only 20,000 very large neurons in its CNS –> these features have made aplysia popular for understanding the neural mechanisms of learning and memory

54
Q

Aplysia Behavior - Gill-withdrawal reflex:

A

-Touch the tail, siphon, or gill
-The gill contracts within the mantle
-Time to relaxation is measured

55
Q

Habituation in sea hare:

A

Repeatedly touching the siphon results in a smaller response (gill withdrawal)

56
Q

How do we know observed phenomenon in sea hare is habituation and not muscle fatigue?

A

The habitual process is not due to muscle fatigue or a change in motor neuron response because touching the head produces a full response

57
Q

Describe how sea hare is habituated:

A

-Gentle touch to siphon, produces gill withdrawal
-Repeat same touch every minute for 10-15 minute
-Progressively shorter withdrawal durations
-Recovers quickly but, with many sessions, becomes long lasting

58
Q

Describe habituation of sea hare at the synaptic level:

A

Siphon –> sensory neuron –> motor neuron (release of glutamate an excitatory neurotransmitter) -> gill muscles

59
Q

With repeated touch what happens at the synaptic level (habituation of aplysia)?

A

Repeated touch depletes sensory neuron of transmitter: synaptic depression

60
Q

In long term habituation, what happens at the synaptic level (habituation of aplysia):

A

In long-term habituation, some sensory motor synapses are actually pruned away

61
Q

How does sensitization ooccur in aplysia?

A

-Gentle touch to siphon, produces gill withdrawal
-Aversive shock to tail
-Next touch, much longer withdrawal duration
-Recovers quickly, but becomes long lasting with multiple sessions

62
Q

Describe the mechanism of sensitization at the synaptic level:

A

tail stimulus-> sensory neuron -> activated interneurons that release serotonin -> the serotinin modulates sensory neurons to release MORE transmitters on next activation

63
Q

In long term sensitization:

A

New sensory-motor synapses are added

64
Q

S-R system activated:

A

ever time a stimulus is presented

65
Q

As a consequence of the S-R circuitry, habituation is:

A

stimulus specific

66
Q

The state (Sensitization) system can interact with:

A

numerous S-R systems so sensitization effects can generalize

67
Q

Both sensitization and habituation:

A

decay over time

68
Q

Habituation causes in synapse function:

A

depression -> weakening of reflex circuits

69
Q

Sensitization causes in synpase function:

A

facilitation –> strengthening of reflex circuirs

70
Q

Learning can involve both direct changes in :

A

synapse function and modulation

71
Q

With repeated training, there is :

A

rewiring (adding/subtracting synapses) to support long term memory storage

Fundamentals of Learning (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions