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Rad Bio > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Means random in nature, probability of occurrence of events

A

Stochastic

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2
Q

is stochastic threshold or non threshold

A

thought to be nonthreshold – damage to multiple or single cell can cause risk (linear and linear quadratic) – even small exposures can carry risk – risk proportional to dose with no thresh

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3
Q

stochastic effects

A

– radiation induced cancer, radiation induced genetic effects

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4
Q

Factors that affect radiation

A
  • dose and rate
  • oxygen
    -age
    -chromosomal effects
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5
Q

point at which a response or reaction to an increasing stimulation first occurs
- below a certain radiation dose, no biological effects are observed.

A

threshold

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6
Q

any radiation dose has the capability of producing a biologic effect. No radiation dose is safe, exhibits some effect no matter how small

A

nonthreshold

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7
Q

biological response to radiation is directly proportional to dose received, straight line when graphed

A

linear

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8
Q

No fixed proportional response between dose and response, form a curved line when graphed

A

nonlinear

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9
Q

Factors that affect dose mode

A

– time period over which radiation is delivered, age, state of health, time between exposures

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10
Q

True or false:
all early effects that result from high radiation doses are deterministic

A

true

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11
Q

what is also known as nonstochastic

A

deterministic

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12
Q

is deterministic threshold or nonthreshold

A

threshold - there are always doses below which the effectis not observed (cataracts, erythema, fibrosis, hemopoetic damage) - relevant to serious radiation accidents – not likely during diagnostic or occupational exposur

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13
Q

examples of deterministic

A

-cataracts
-erythema
-fibrosis
-hemopoietic damage

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14
Q

What are some examples of measurable late biological damage?

A

-cataracts
-leukemia
-genetic mutations

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15
Q

Radiation-induced damage at the cellular level may lead to measurable somatic and hereditary damage in the living organism as a whole later in life. long term results of radiation exposure.

A

Late effects

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16
Q

A “science that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population.”

A

Epidemiology

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17
Q

what are some studies of epidemiology ?

A

Studies consist of:
-observations and statistical analysis of data, such as the incidence of disease within groups of people
- Studies include the risk of radiation-induced cancer

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18
Q

The incident rates at which these irradiation-related malignancies occur are determined by:

A

comparing the natural incidence of cancer occurring in a human population with the incidence of cancer occurring in an irradiated population

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19
Q

is demonstrated graphically through a curve that maps the observed effects of radiation exposure in relation to the dose of radiation received

A

Radiation dose–response relationship

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20
Q

Information obtained can be used to attempt to predict the risk of occurrence of malignancies in human populations that have been exposed to low levels of ionizing radiation

A

radiation dose - response relationship

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21
Q

The observed effects of radiation exposure may be the incidence of a disease, or it may be the severity of an effect.
The curve is either linear or nonlinear and depicts either a threshold dose or a nonthreshold dose

A

Radiation Dose- Response Relationship

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22
Q

a point at which a response or reaction to an increasing stimulation first occur

A

threshold

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23
Q

means that below a certain radiation level or dose, no biologic effects are observed

A

threshold

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24
Q

Biologic effects begin to occur only when the threshold level or dose is reached

A

threshold

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25
Q

indicates that a radiation absorbed dose of any magnitude has the capability of producing a biologic effect

A

nonthreshold

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26
Q

No radiation dose can be considered absolutely safe with the severity of the biologic effects increasing directly with the magnitude of the absorbed dose

A

nonthreshold

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27
Q

biologic effect responses will be caused by ionizing radiation in living organisms in a directly proportional manner all the way down to dose levels approaching zero
what curve does this represent:

A

linear nonthreshold

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28
Q

what is the radiation doubling equivalent dose for humans?

A

1.56 Sv

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29
Q

is the radiation dose that causes the number of spontaneous mutations occurring in a given generation to increase to two times their original number

A

doubling dose

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30
Q

what is the most important late effect

A

cancer

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31
Q

below how many sieverts cannot be measured

A

0.1

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32
Q

is long term low or high doses

A

low doses

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33
Q

is short term high or low doses

A

higher doses

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34
Q

what is xrays an example of regarding radiation dose- response

A

linear quadratic

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35
Q

what means no dose is a safe dose?

A

nonthreshold

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36
Q

direct effect to radiation

A

linear

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37
Q

The straight-line curve passing through the origin in this graph indicates both that the response to radiation (in terms of biologic effects) is directly proportional to the dose of radiation and that no known level of radiation dose exists below which the chance of sustaining biologic damage is zer

A

linear nonthreshold

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38
Q

what does a tail in a graph mean

A

recovery or death

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39
Q

what means random or unknown

A

stochastic

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40
Q

what does rad protection fall under in regards to radiation dose- response

A

linear non threshold

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41
Q

curve implies that the biologic response to ionizing radiation is directly proportional to the dose received.

A

LNT

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42
Q

The curve estimates the risk associated with low-dose levels from low LET radiation

A

Linear quadratic nonthreshold

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43
Q

what curve do most committees recommend for response for most types of cancer

A

Currently the committee recommends the use of the linear nonthreshold curve of radiation dose–response for most types of cancer.

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44
Q

what committee believes that the linearr-quadratic nonthreshold curve (LQNT) is a more accurate reflection of stochastic somatic and genetic effects at low-dose levels from low-LET radiation.

A

BEIR committee

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45
Q

What curve does leukemia , breast cancer, and heritable damage frollow

A

LQNT

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46
Q

is a more accurate reflection of stochastic somatic and genetic effects at low-dose levels from low-LET radiation

A

LQNT

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47
Q

This depicts those cases for which a biologic response does not occur below a specific radiation dose

A

linear threshold

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48
Q

what curve represents skin erythema and hematologic depression

A

linear threshold

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49
Q

has the potential to exaggerate the seriousness of radiation effects at lower dose levels from low-LET radiatio

A

Continued use of the linear dose–response model for radiation protection standards

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50
Q

Sigmoid or S shaped

A

nonlinear

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51
Q

is generally employed in radiation therapy to demonstrate high-dose cellular response to the radiation absorbed within specific locations, such as skin, lens of the eye, and various types of blood cells

A

Sigmoid or S-shaped (nonlinear) Threshold curve of radiation dose–response relationship

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52
Q

indicates that limited recovery occurs at lower radiation doses

A

tail of the curve

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53
Q

, the curve gradually levels off and then veers downward because the affected living specimen or tissue dies before the observable effect appears

A

at the highest radiation doses

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54
Q

Absolute risk

A

Absolutely going to happen

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55
Q

relative risk

A

looking at the probability

56
Q

relationship generally employed in radiation therapy to demonstrate high-dose cellular response

A

Sigmoid (S-shaped, hence nonlinear) threshold curve of radiation dose–response

57
Q

When living organisms that have been exposed to radiation sustain biologic damage, the effects of this exposure are classified as

A

somatic (i.e., body) effect

58
Q

The probability that the effect happens depends upon the received dose, but the severity of the effect does not.
*Example: Occurrence of cancer

A

Stochastic Effects

59
Q

Both the probability and the severity of the effect depend upon the dose.
*Example: A cataract

A

Tissue Reactions

60
Q

-cataracts formation
-fibrosis
-organ atrophy
-loss of parenchymal cells
-reduced fertility
-sterility

A

late tissue reactions

61
Q

-cancer
-genetic effects

A

stochastic effects

62
Q

effects happening to fetus

A

teratogenic effects

63
Q

effects of radiation on the embryo -fetus in utero that depend on the fetal stage of development and the radiation dose recieved

A

Teratogenic Effects

64
Q

-embryonic, fetal, neonatal death
-congenital malformations
-decreased birth weight
-disturbance in growth and or development
-increased stillbirths
-infant mortality
-childhood malignancy
-childhood mortality

A

Teratogenic Effects

65
Q

Are consequences of radiation exposure that appear months or years after such exposure

A

late somatic effects

66
Q

some late somatic effects may result from

A

Previous whole- or partial-body acute exposure
Previous high radiation doses
Long-term low-level doses sustained over several years

67
Q

Previous whole- or partial-body acute exposure
Previous high radiation doses
Long-term low-level doses sustained over several years

A

Late somatic effects

68
Q

Using all data available on high radiation exposure, members of the scientific and medical communities determined that three categories of adverse health consequences require study at low-levels of exposure

A

Cancer induction
Damage to the unborn from irradiation in utero
Genetic (hereditary) effect

69
Q

Cells that survive the initial irradiation may have incurred some form of damage.
Theoretically, radiation damage to just one or a few cells of an individual could actually produce a stochastic effect such as a malignancy or a hereditary disorder many years after radiation exposure.
Tissue reactions such as skin reactions do not usually demonstrate a late onset.
Extreme reactions associated with high skin doses may persist for some time, but will usually occur in weeks or months after the exposure

A

late effects

70
Q

Major Types of Late Effects

A

Carcinogenesis (stochastic event)
Cataractogenesis (late tissue reaction)
Embryologic effects (birth defects) (stochastic events)

71
Q

At low equivalent doses, below 0.1 Sv, which includes groups such as occupationally exposed individuals and virtually all patients in diagnostic radiology, this risk is not directly measurable in population studies.
Reasons::

A

*The risk is overshadowed by other causes of cancer in humans.
*The risk is zero

72
Q

at high doses how is the risk measurable

A

At high doses, the risk is measurable in exposed human populations

73
Q

what type of effect may exposure to ionizing radiation may cause cancer

A

stochastic effect

74
Q

:Utilizes the linear nonthreshold dose–response relationship and assumes that risk still exists
May be determined by extrapolating from high-dose data, in which the risk has been directly observed, down to the low doses, in which it has not been observed (a controversial concept)

A

Current radiation protection philosophy

75
Q

-May be given in terms of absolute risk or relative risk caused by a specific exposure to ionizing radiation (over and above background exposure)
-Both models predict the number of excess cancers, or cancers that would not have occurred in the population in question without the exposure to ionizing radiation

A

Risk Estimates To Predict Cancer Incidence

76
Q

This model forecasts that a specific number of malignancies will occur as a result of exposure

A

Absolute risk

77
Q

This model predicts that the number of excess cancers will increase as the natural incidence of cancer increases with advancing age in a population

A

relative risk

78
Q

Models used by researchers for extrapolation of risk from high-dose to low-dose data

A

Linear
Linear-quadratic

79
Q

-supported the linear-quadratic model for leukemia only
- For all other cancers recommended adoption of the linear model to fit the available data.

A

BEIR V Committee

80
Q

is the most important late stochastic effect caused by exposure to ionizing radiation

A

cancer

81
Q

This effect is a random occurrence that does not seem to have a threshold and for which the severity of the disease is not dose-related

A

Carcinogenesis

82
Q

Laboratory experiments with animals and statistical studies of human populations exposed to ionizing radiation prove that radiation induces:

A

cancer

83
Q

may take 5 or more years to develop in humans

A

radiation induced cancer

84
Q

true or false:
Cancer caused by low-level radiation is difficult to identify

A

true

85
Q

true or false
The physical appearance of cancer induced by ionizing radiation does not appear different than a cancer caused by other agents.

A

true

86
Q

first radiation induce cancer happened when

A

1902

87
Q

what event is carcinogenesis

A

stochastic

88
Q

what reaction is cataractogenesis

A

late tissue reaction

89
Q

what event is embryologic effects (birth defects)

A

stochastic

90
Q

Occurrence rates of other radiation-induced malignancies have continued to escalate since the late 1950s and early 1960s
Includes:

A

Includes a variety of solid tumors such as thyroid, breast, lung, and bone cancers

91
Q

true or false
Incidence of leukemia has slowly declined since the late 1940s and early 1950s

A

true

92
Q

what type of cancer would develop after five years and then dwindle off

A

leukemia

93
Q

this type of cancer is the same low vs high dose

A

leukemia

94
Q

what cancer would you see after ten years and then it would peak down the road

A

any other cancer other than leukemia

95
Q

what type of cancer was seen a lot in chernobyl

A

-a lot of thyroid cancer
-increased risk of breast cancer

96
Q

at what dose will you get cataracts

A

2 Gy

97
Q

what is the threshold for cataracts to form

A

0.5 gy

98
Q

what curve is cataracts

A

non linear threshold

99
Q

what is the most sensitive part of the eye

A

the lens

100
Q

result of cataractogenesis

A

Partial or complete loss of vision
Results of laboratory experiments with mice
Radiation-induced cataracts in humans follow a threshold, nonlinear dose–response relationship

101
Q

stages of gestation in humans

A

-preimplantation
-organogenesis
-fetal stage

102
Q

0-9 days
-if you received 0.05-0.15 gy there will be death of the baby

A

preimplantation

103
Q

what is the preimplantation stage

A

0-9 days

104
Q

how much dose recieved will cause death of the baby in preimplantation

A

0.05-0 .15gy

105
Q

what is the organogenesis stage

A

10 days to 12 weeks

106
Q

which is the most susceptible stage of gestation

A

organogenesis
(because its the first trimester)

107
Q

what is the fetal stage

A

12 weeks to full term

108
Q

true or false
the further you are along in pregnancy, the more mature the baby is

A

true

109
Q

what percentage of all births have some sort of hereditary disorder

A

10 percent

110
Q

what level does genetic mutations happen

A

genetic mutations happen at the molecular level

111
Q

radiation dose required to double the genetic diseases

A

doubling dose

112
Q

what curve is cataracts

A

nonlinear threshold and nonstochastic

113
Q

what curve is thyroid

A

Linear nonthreshold and stochastic

114
Q

what curve is breast cancer

A

Linear non threshold and stochastic

115
Q

what curve is bone marrow

A
  • Linear threshold
116
Q

what curve is skin

A

Non stochastic(deterministic) and threshold

117
Q

in men, what dose causes permanent sterility

A

5-6 gy

118
Q

what curve is stochastic

A

Follows nonthreshold

119
Q

what curve is dterministic

A
  • follow a threshold
    -tissue reactions
120
Q

who holds and who doesnt

A
  • students dont hold
    -occupational radiological workers don’t hold
    -male before female in child bearing age
121
Q

who should hold:
-65 yo radiologist
-40 yo male tech
-25 yo student tech
-21 female nurse

A

the 21 yo female nurse

122
Q

who should hold
-60 yo male tech
-42 yo baby mama
-21 yo baby daddy
58 yo gma

A

-the 58 yo gma

123
Q

Cause of genetic mutations

A

Radiation-induced damage to the DNA molecule in the sperm or ova of an adult
Natural spontaneous mutations
Resultant genetic disorders or diseases

124
Q

what curve is skin erythema

A

Linear Threshold

125
Q

what curve is hemotologic depression

A

linear threshold

126
Q

what curve is cataractogenesis

A

linear threshold

127
Q

what curve is radiation protection

A

linear non threshold

128
Q

what curve is radiation therapy

A

nonlinear threshhold

129
Q

what curve is teratogenic

A

nonlinear threshold

130
Q

what curve is diagnostic xray

A

LQNT

131
Q

what curve is leukemia

A

LQNT

132
Q

what curve is breast cancer

A

LQNT

133
Q

what curve is heretiable damge

A

LQNT

134
Q

examples of linear threshold:

A

-skin erythema
-hematologic depression
-ctaractogenesis

135
Q

examples of linear non threshold

A

-radiation protection
-stochastic

136
Q

examples of nonlinear threshold

A

-radiation therapy
-teratogenic

137
Q

example of linear quadratic

A

-diag. xray
-leukemia
-breast cancer
-heritable damage
-stochastic

Rad Bio (9 decks)

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