Chapter 6- overview of cell biology Flashcards by Melissa Unknown

A science that explores living things and life processes

Biology

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basic units of all living matter

cells

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essential for life

cells

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fundamental components of structure, development, growth, and life processes in the human body

biology

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-Basic units of all living matter
-Essential for life
-Fundamental components of structure, development, growth, and life processes in the human body

Cells

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Exist in a multitude of different forms
Perform many diverse functions for the body
Some exist as freely moving, independent units, whereas others remain in one position as part of the tissues of larger organisms throughout their lifetimes.
If mature, are highly specialized and have predetermined tasks to perform in support of the body
Can move, grow, react, protect themselves and repair damage, regulate life processes, and reproduce

The cell

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Requirements of the body

Provide food as a source of raw material for the release of energy
Supply oxygen to help break down the food
Have enough water to transport inorganic substances into and out of the cell

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Benefit of proper cell function is that it enables the body to maintain:

homeostasis or equilibrium

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Effect of ionizing radiation damaging the components of the cell involved in molecular synthesis beyond repair
what do the cells do:

-cells behave abnormally
-cells die

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Cell Chemical Composition

Protoplasm
Organic compounds
Inorganic compounds

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Major classes of organic compounds that compose the cell

proteins
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acid

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what is the basic constituent of all organic matter

carbon

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Chemical building material for all living thing

protoplasm

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Carries on the complex process of metabolism, the reception and processing of food and oxygen, and the elimination of waste products

protoplasm

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consists of organic compounds and inorganic materials either dissolved or suspended in water

protoplasm

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formed from some elements, with the four primary elements involved being carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

protoplasm

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water and mineral salts (electrolytes) are the most important inorganic substances

protoplasm

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Chemical building material for all living things
Carries on the complex process of metabolism, the reception and processing of food and oxygen, and the elimination of waste products
Consists of organic compounds and inorganic materials either dissolved or suspended in water
Formed from some elements, with the four primary elements involved being carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Water and mineral salts (electrolytes) are the most important inorganic substance

protoplasm

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Contains the most carbon of all the organic compounds
Constitute approximately 15% of cell content
Essential for growth, the construction of new body tissue, and the repair of injured or debilitated tissue
Formed when amino acids combine into long, chainlike molecular complexes

proteins

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Provide the body with its shape and form
Provide a source of heat and energy for the body

structural proteins

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-Function as organic catalysts
-Control the cell’s various physiologic activities
-Cause an increase in cellular activity that in turn causes biochemical reactions to occur more rapidly to meet the needs of the cell

enzymatic proteins

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how many amino acids are involved in protein production or protein synthesis

22 different amino acids

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-Involves 22 different amino acids
-Order of arrangement of these amino acids determines the precise function of each protein molecule
-Type of protein macromolecule that any given cell contains determines the characteristics of that cel

protein production or protein synthesis

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-Protein molecules produced by specialized cells in the bone marrow called B lymphocytes
-Produced when other lymphocytes in the body (T lymphocytes) detect the presence of molecules that do not belong to the body
-Chemically attack any foreign invaders or antigens

antibodies

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-chemical secretions manufactured by various endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream to influence the activities of other parts of the body -regulate body functions such as groth and development

hormones

Can mend damaged molecules and are therefore capable of helping the cell to recover from a small amount of radiation-induced damage Vital to the survival of cells Work effectively in both the diagnostic and therapeutic energy ranges

repair enxymes

constitute approx. 2% of cell contents

lipids

make up approx 1% of cell contents

carbohydrates (saccharides)

Make up approximately 1% of cell content Include starches and various sugars Range from simple to complex Function as short-term energy warehouses for the body Primary purpose is to provide fuel for cell metabolism Most abundant in the liver and in muscle tissue Important structural parts of cell walls and intercellular materials

carbohydrates (saccahrides)

Made up of a molecule of glycerin and three molecules of fatty acid Are organic macromolecules Are the structural parts of cell membranes Present in all body tissue Perform various functions for the body

lipids

comprise approx 1% of the cell

nucleis acids

what are two types of nucleic acid cells contain

DNR and RNA

Comprise approximately 1% of the cell Are very large, complex macromolecules Are made up by nucleotides Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are two types of nucleic acid cells contain

Nucleic ACIDS

-Composed of two long sugar-phosphate chains, which twist around each other in a double-helix configuration and are linked by pairs of nitrogenous organic bases at the sugar molecule of the chain -Hydrogen bonds attach the bases to each other -Contains all the information the cell needs to function -Carries the genetic information necessary for cell replication

DNA

-Regulates all cellular activity to direct protein synthesis -Determines a person’s characteristics by regulating the sequence of amino acids in the person’s constituent proteins during synthesis of these proteins -Sequence of nitrogenous base pairs in a DNA molecule that constitutes the genetic code -Has some structural differences when compared with RNA

DNA

-DNA regulates cellular activity indirectly, transmitting its genetic information outside the cell nucleus by reproducing itself in the form of mRNA. -mRNA leaves the nucleus and, once in the cytoplasm, directs the process of making proteins out of amino acids. -Differs from DNA in two important ways -Appears as a single strand of the DNA ladderlike configuration, the ladder being severed in half lengthwise

mRNA

-Receives genetic code from mRNA -Combines with individual amino acids from different areas of the cell and attaches them to the ribosomes, where amino acids are arranged in specific orders to form chainlike protein molecules -At least 22 types of tRNA exist, one for each amino acid -Linking with its corresponding amino acid in the correct order, proteins necessary to provide for the needs of the cell are produced

tRNA

-Another type of RNA -Its function is to assist in the linking of mRNA to the ribosome to facilitate protein synthesis

Ribosomal RNA

-Tiny rod-shaped bodies that under a microscope appear to be long threadlike structures that become visible only in dividing cells. -Composed of protein and DNA -Normal human has 46 different chromosomes (23 pairs) in each somatic (nonreproductive) cell. -Reproductive cells (germ cells) have only 23 chromosomes each

Chromosomes

-Segments of DNA that serve as the basic units of heredity. -Each one contains information responsible for directing cytoplasmic activity, controlling growth and development of the cell, and transmitting hereditary information. -Control the formation of proteins in every cell through the intricate process of genetic coding

Genes

Process of locating and identifying the genes in the genome is called

mapping

The total amount of genetic material (DNA) contained within the chromosomes of a human being Process of locating and identifying the genes in the genome is called mapping There are 2.9 billion base pairs in the human genome These base pairs are arranged into approximately 30,000 genes. It is estimated that these genes are capable of producing 90,000 different proteins. Data obtained from the Human Genome Project have allowed us to work on problems in molecular biology

human genome

Compounds that do not contain carbon Occur in nature independent of living things; they are acids, bases, and salts (electrolytes) Water and mineral salts are the most important inorganic substances. Water comprises approximately 80% to 85% of the body’s weight. Is imperative for the correct amount of water in a cell to be maintained

inorganic compounds

compounds that do not contain carbon

inorganic compounds

monoxygotic twins

idnetical twins

dizygotic twins

fraternal twins

polyzygotic syblings

more than two

Special type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell to half the number of chromosomes in the parent cel

meiosis

four subphases of mitosis

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

period of cell growth that occurs before actual mitosis

Interphase

Results in an approximately equal distribution of all cellular material between the two daughter cells

Mitosis

There are two types of cell division that occur in the body:

mitosis and meiosis

a process in which the nucleus first divides, followed by the division of the cytoplasm

mitosis

Process that occurs when all somatic cells divide

mitosis

a process of reduction cell division

meiosis

process that occurs when genetic cells divide

meiosis

The multiplication process whereby one cell divides to form two or more cells

cell division

RNA copy center - synthesizes ribosomes

nucleolus

known as the Plastic storage bag

cell membrane

functions as a barricade to protect cellular contents from their environment and controls the passage of water and other materials into and out of the cell; performs many additional functions such as elimination of wastes and refining of material for energy through breakdown of the materials

cell membrane

also knowns as the highway

endoplasmic reticulum

enables the cell to communicate with the extracellular environment and transfers food from one part of the cell to another

endoplasmic reticulum

Every mature human cell is highly specialized and has predetermined tasks to perform in support of the body. Cells:

* Move * Grow * React * Protect themselves * Repair damage * Regulate life processes * Reproduce

These cells exist in a multitude of different forms and perform many diverse functions for the body, such as the following:

* Conduction of nerve impulses * Contraction of muscles * Support of various organs * Transportation of body fluids, such as blood

the living contents of a cell surrounded by a plasma membrane. The protoplasm is the chemical building material for all living things.

protoplasm

The biomolecules that constitute protoplasm are formed from many elements, among which there are four primary components:

* Carbon * Hydrogen * Oxygen * Nitrogen

Unites large carbohydrate molecules and combines them with proteins to form glycoproteins; transports enzymes and hormones through the cell membrane so that they can exit the cell, enter the bloodstream, and be carried to areas of the body in which they are required.

golgi apparatus

freight hauling

golgi apparatus

Produce energy for cellular activity by breaking down nutrients through a process of oxidation.

mitochondria

power generating stations

mitochondria

Dispose of large particles such as bacteria and food, as well as smaller particles; also contain hydrolytic enzymes that can break down and digest proteins, certain carbohydrates, and the cell itself if the lysosome’s surrounding membrane breaks.

lysosomes

garbages bags with poison pills

lysosomes

Manufacture the various proteins that cells require.

ribosomes

manufacturing facilities

ribosomes

Plays an important role in organizing the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division.

centromeres

spindle weaver

centromeres

Contains the genetic, or hereditary, material, DNA, and proteins. Also contains the nucleolus. The nucleus controls cell division and multiplication and the biochemical reactions that occur within the cell. Also directs protein synthesis.

nucleus

Information-processing and administrative center of the cell

nucleus

Contains the genetic material; controls cell division and multiplication and biochemical reactions that occur within the living cell.

dna

the blue prints

dna

Holds a large amount of RNA and synthesizes ribosomes

nucleolus

rna copy center

nucleolus

Chromosomes are genetic history of cel

genes

Proteins and DNA within nucleoplasm are arranged in long threads called:

chromatin

centerContains - Genetic and heredity material DNA blueprints, instructions for building proteins Proteins

Nucleus

cells divide and make two new identical cells – make 2 copies of their DNA – each cell has exact, correct DNA

mitosis

Located in center of cell near nucleus Contain centriole

centromeres

Information-processing and administrative center

nucleus

regulator of cell cycle progression

centromeres

-Small spherical organelles that attach to endoplasmic reticulum -2/3 RNA, 1/3 protein -Assembly sites where mRNA and tRNA combine amino acids into protein

ribosomes

manufacturing facilities

ribosomes

Digestion and break down proteins and certain carbs within cytoplasm Radiation may induce a rupture – cell can die

lysosomes

suicide bags

lysosomes

prime energy molecule in cel

atp

ATP – prime energy molecule in cell Essential for sustaining life and in active transport in cell Contracts muscles – greatest number found in greatest activity

Mitochondria

break down of large molecules into smaller ones – some energy lost as heat – rest is used to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

catabolism

– atoms lose and electron – breakdown of nutrients (ex – iron -iron oxide - rust)

oxidation

“powerhouse” – supply energy for cells

mitochondria

concentrates, packages, and transports them through cell membrane so they can exit cell and enter bloodstrea

golgi apparatus

Unites carbs and proteins (glycoproteins) Glycoproteins involved in every cell proces

golgi apparatus

– vast network of tubules and vesicles spreading and interconnecting in all directions in cytoplasm. Cell can communicate and transfer food and molecules. Highway system of cel

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Two types – granular and agranula

endoplasmic reticulum

Examples – mRNA, lipids and proteins – through tubular network Two types – granular and agranular

Endoplasmic reticulum

Tubules (small tubes)Vesicles (small cavities or sacs containing liquid) Granules (small insoluble, nonmembranous particles found in cytoplasm Fibrils (minute fibers or strands that are frequently part of a compound fiber)DNA determines function of each – mRNA carries the DNA code from nucleus

cytoplasmic organelles

small tubes

tubules

small cavities or sacs containing liquids

vesicles

small insoluble , nonmembranous particles found in cytoplasms

granules

minute fibers or strands that are frequently part of a compound fiber

fibrils

miniature cellular components present in the cytoplasm that enable cell to function

cytoplasmic organelles

protoplasm that exists outside the cell's nucleus

cytoplasm

Behaving like a factory, the cytoplasm constituents perform the following major tasks:

1. Accepts and builds up unrefined materials and from these materials assembles new substances such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins; the assembly of larger molecules from smaller ones is known as anabolism 2. Breaks down organic materials to produce energy (catabolism) 3. Packages substances for distribution to other areas of the cell or to various sites in the body through the circulation 4. Eliminates waste products

Primarily water but also has proteins, carbs, lipids, salts, minerals Makes up majority of cell and contains large amounts of cell’s molecular components (not DNA) All cellular metabolic functions occur here

cytoplasm

Made up of lipids and proteins Functions as a barricade to protect cellular contents from outside environment Controls passage of water in and out of cel

cell membrane

rail, semipermeable, flexible structure encasing and surrounding the human cel

cell membrane

plays a primary role in transport system

active transport and passive

what transport expends energy

active transport

which transport has no energy (osmosis)

passive

functions of water within the cell

Is the medium in which the chemical reactions that are the basis of metabolic activities occur Acts as a solvent, keeping compounds dissolved so that they can more easily interact and their concentration may be regulated

functions of water outside the cell

Functions as a transport vehicle for materials the cell uses or eliminates Is responsible for maintaining a constant body core temperature of 98.6° F (37° C) Lubricates both the digestive system and skeletal articulations Protects organs such as the brain and lung

Keep correct proportion of water in the cell to maintain osmotic pressure

function of mineral salts within the cell

Necessary for Proper cell performance Creation of energy Conduction of impulses along nerves Ions, constituents of salt, via chemical reaction cause materials to be altered, broken down, and recombined to form new substances

function of mineral salts within the cell