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Rad Bio > Chapter 6- overview of cell biology > Flashcards

Chapter 6- overview of cell biology Flashcards

1
Q

A science that explores living things and life processes

A

Biology

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2
Q

basic units of all living matter

A

cells

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3
Q

essential for life

A

cells

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4
Q

fundamental components of structure, development, growth, and life processes in the human body

A

biology

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5
Q

-Basic units of all living matter
-Essential for life
-Fundamental components of structure, development, growth, and life processes in the human body

A

Cells

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6
Q

Exist in a multitude of different forms
Perform many diverse functions for the body
Some exist as freely moving, independent units, whereas others remain in one position as part of the tissues of larger organisms throughout their lifetimes.
If mature, are highly specialized and have predetermined tasks to perform in support of the body
Can move, grow, react, protect themselves and repair damage, regulate life processes, and reproduce

A

The cell

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7
Q

Requirements of the body

A

Provide food as a source of raw material for the release of energy
Supply oxygen to help break down the food
Have enough water to transport inorganic substances into and out of the cell

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8
Q

Benefit of proper cell function is that it enables the body to maintain:

A

homeostasis or equilibrium

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9
Q

Effect of ionizing radiation damaging the components of the cell involved in molecular synthesis beyond repair
what do the cells do:

A

-cells behave abnormally
-cells die

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10
Q

Cell Chemical Composition

A

Protoplasm
Organic compounds
Inorganic compounds

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11
Q

Major classes of organic compounds that compose the cell

A

proteins
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acid

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12
Q

what is the basic constituent of all organic matter

A

carbon

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13
Q

Chemical building material for all living thing

A

protoplasm

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14
Q

Carries on the complex process of metabolism, the reception and processing of food and oxygen, and the elimination of waste products

A

protoplasm

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15
Q

consists of organic compounds and inorganic materials either dissolved or suspended in water

A

protoplasm

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16
Q

formed from some elements, with the four primary elements involved being carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

A

protoplasm

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17
Q

water and mineral salts (electrolytes) are the most important inorganic substances

A

protoplasm

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18
Q

Chemical building material for all living things
Carries on the complex process of metabolism, the reception and processing of food and oxygen, and the elimination of waste products
Consists of organic compounds and inorganic materials either dissolved or suspended in water
Formed from some elements, with the four primary elements involved being carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Water and mineral salts (electrolytes) are the most important inorganic substance

A

protoplasm

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19
Q

Contains the most carbon of all the organic compounds
Constitute approximately 15% of cell content
Essential for growth, the construction of new body tissue, and the repair of injured or debilitated tissue
Formed when amino acids combine into long, chainlike molecular complexes

A

proteins

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20
Q

Provide the body with its shape and form
Provide a source of heat and energy for the body

A

structural proteins

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21
Q

-Function as organic catalysts
-Control the cell’s various physiologic activities
-Cause an increase in cellular activity that in turn causes biochemical reactions to occur more rapidly to meet the needs of the cell

A

enzymatic proteins

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22
Q

how many amino acids are involved in protein production or protein synthesis

A

22 different amino acids

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23
Q

-Involves 22 different amino acids
-Order of arrangement of these amino acids determines the precise function of each protein molecule
-Type of protein macromolecule that any given cell contains determines the characteristics of that cel

A

protein production or protein synthesis

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24
Q

-Protein molecules produced by specialized cells in the bone marrow called B lymphocytes
-Produced when other lymphocytes in the body (T lymphocytes) detect the presence of molecules that do not belong to the body
-Chemically attack any foreign invaders or antigens

A

antibodies

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25
Q

-chemical secretions manufactured by various endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream to influence the activities of other parts of the body
-regulate body functions such as groth and development

A

hormones

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26
Q

Can mend damaged molecules and are therefore capable of helping the cell to recover from a small amount of radiation-induced damage
Vital to the survival of cells
Work effectively in both the diagnostic and therapeutic energy ranges

A

repair enxymes

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27
Q

constitute approx. 2% of cell contents

A

lipids

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28
Q

make up approx 1% of cell contents

A

carbohydrates (saccharides)

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29
Q

Make up approximately 1% of cell content
Include starches and various sugars
Range from simple to complex
Function as short-term energy warehouses for the body
Primary purpose is to provide fuel for cell metabolism
Most abundant in the liver and in muscle tissue
Important structural parts of cell walls and intercellular materials

A

carbohydrates (saccahrides)

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30
Q

Made up of a molecule of glycerin and three molecules of fatty acid
Are organic macromolecules
Are the structural parts of cell membranes
Present in all body tissue
Perform various functions for the body

A

lipids

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31
Q

comprise approx 1% of the cell

A

nucleis acids

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32
Q

what are two types of nucleic acid cells contain

A

DNR and RNA

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33
Q

Comprise approximately 1% of the cell
Are very large, complex macromolecules
Are made up by nucleotides
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are two types of nucleic acid cells contain

A

Nucleic ACIDS

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34
Q

-Composed of two long sugar-phosphate chains, which twist around each other in a double-helix configuration and are linked by pairs of nitrogenous organic bases at the sugar molecule of the chain -Hydrogen bonds attach the bases to each other
-Contains all the information the cell needs to function
-Carries the genetic information necessary for cell replication

A

DNA

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35
Q

-Regulates all cellular activity to direct protein synthesis
-Determines a person’s characteristics by regulating the sequence of amino acids in the person’s constituent proteins during synthesis of these proteins
-Sequence of nitrogenous base pairs in a DNA molecule that constitutes the genetic code
-Has some structural differences when compared with RNA

A

DNA

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36
Q

-DNA regulates cellular activity indirectly, transmitting its genetic information outside the cell nucleus by reproducing itself in the form of mRNA.
-mRNA leaves the nucleus and, once in the cytoplasm, directs the process of making proteins out of amino acids.
-Differs from DNA in two important ways
-Appears as a single strand of the DNA ladderlike configuration, the ladder being severed in half lengthwise

A

mRNA

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37
Q

-Receives genetic code from mRNA
-Combines with individual amino acids from different areas of the cell and attaches them to the ribosomes, where amino acids are arranged in specific orders to form chainlike protein molecules
-At least 22 types of tRNA exist, one for each amino acid
-Linking with its corresponding amino acid in the correct order, proteins necessary to provide for the needs of the cell are produced

A

tRNA

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38
Q

-Another type of RNA
-Its function is to assist in the linking of mRNA to the ribosome to facilitate protein synthesis

A

Ribosomal RNA

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39
Q

-Tiny rod-shaped bodies that under a microscope appear to be long threadlike structures that become visible only in dividing cells.
-Composed of protein and DNA
-Normal human has 46 different chromosomes (23 pairs) in each somatic (nonreproductive) cell.
-Reproductive cells (germ cells) have only 23 chromosomes each

A

Chromosomes

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40
Q

-Segments of DNA that serve as the basic units of heredity.
-Each one contains information responsible for directing cytoplasmic activity, controlling growth and development of the cell, and transmitting hereditary information.
-Control the formation of proteins in every cell through the intricate process of genetic coding

A

Genes

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41
Q

Process of locating and identifying the genes in the genome is called

A

mapping

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42
Q

The total amount of genetic material (DNA) contained within the chromosomes of a human being
Process of locating and identifying the genes in the genome is called mapping
There are 2.9 billion base pairs in the human genome
These base pairs are arranged into approximately 30,000 genes.
It is estimated that these genes are capable of producing 90,000 different proteins.
Data obtained from the Human Genome Project have allowed us to work on problems in molecular biology

A

human genome

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43
Q

Compounds that do not contain carbon
Occur in nature independent of living things; they are acids, bases, and salts (electrolytes)
Water and mineral salts are the most important inorganic substances.
Water comprises approximately 80% to 85% of the body’s weight.
Is imperative for the correct amount of water in a cell to be maintained

A

inorganic compounds

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44
Q

compounds that do not contain carbon

A

inorganic compounds

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45
Q

monoxygotic twins

A

idnetical twins

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46
Q

dizygotic twins

A

fraternal twins

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47
Q

polyzygotic syblings

A

more than two

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48
Q

Special type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell to half the number of chromosomes in the parent cel

A

meiosis

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49
Q

four subphases of mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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50
Q

period of cell growth that occurs before actual mitosis

A

Interphase

51
Q

Results in an approximately equal distribution of all cellular material between the two daughter cells

52
Q

There are two types of cell division that occur in the body:

A

mitosis and meiosis

53
Q

a process in which the nucleus first divides, followed by the division of the cytoplasm

54
Q

Process that occurs when all somatic cells divide

55
Q

a process of reduction cell division

56
Q

process that occurs when genetic cells divide

57
Q

The multiplication process whereby one cell divides to form two or more cells

A

cell division

58
Q

RNA copy center - synthesizes ribosomes

59
Q

known as the Plastic storage bag

A

cell membrane

60
Q

functions as a barricade to protect cellular contents from their environment and controls the passage of water and other materials into and out of the cell; performs many additional functions such as elimination of wastes and refining of material for energy through breakdown of the materials

A

cell membrane

61
Q

also knowns as the highway

A

endoplasmic reticulum

62
Q

enables the cell to communicate with the extracellular environment and transfers food from one part of the cell to another

A

endoplasmic reticulum

63
Q

Every mature human cell is highly specialized and has predetermined tasks to perform in support of the body.

Cells:

A
  • Move
  • Grow
  • React
  • Protect themselves
  • Repair damage
  • Regulate life processes
  • Reproduce
64
Q

These cells exist in a multitude of different forms and perform many diverse functions for the body, such as the following:

A
  • Conduction of nerve impulses
  • Contraction of muscles
  • Support of various organs
  • Transportation of body fluids, such as blood
65
Q

the living contents of a cell surrounded by a plasma membrane. The protoplasm is the chemical building material for all living things.

A

protoplasm

66
Q

The biomolecules that constitute protoplasm are formed from many elements, among which there are four primary components:

A
  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Nitrogen
67
Q

Unites large carbohydrate molecules and combines them with proteins to form glycoproteins; transports enzymes and hormones through the cell membrane so that they can exit the cell, enter the bloodstream, and be carried to areas of the body in which they are required.

A

golgi apparatus

68
Q

freight hauling

A

golgi apparatus

69
Q

Produce energy for cellular activity by breaking down nutrients through a process of oxidation.

A

mitochondria

70
Q

power generating stations

A

mitochondria

71
Q

Dispose of large particles such as bacteria and food, as well as smaller particles; also contain hydrolytic enzymes that can break down and digest proteins, certain carbohydrates, and the cell itself if the lysosome’s surrounding membrane breaks.

72
Q

garbages bags with poison pills

73
Q

Manufacture the various proteins that cells require.

74
Q

manufacturing facilities

75
Q

Plays an important role in organizing the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division.

A

centromeres

76
Q

spindle weaver

A

centromeres

77
Q

Contains the genetic, or hereditary, material, DNA, and proteins. Also contains the nucleolus. The nucleus controls cell division and multiplication and the biochemical reactions that occur within the cell. Also directs protein synthesis.

78
Q

Information-processing and administrative center of the cell

79
Q

Contains the genetic material; controls cell division and multiplication and biochemical reactions that occur within the living cell.

80
Q

the blue prints

81
Q

Holds a large amount of RNA and synthesizes ribosomes

82
Q

rna copy center

83
Q

Chromosomes are genetic history of cel

84
Q

Proteins and DNA within nucleoplasm are arranged in long threads called:

85
Q

centerContains -
Genetic and heredity material
DNA blueprints, instructions for building proteins
Proteins

86
Q

cells divide and make two new identical cells – make 2 copies of their DNA – each cell has exact, correct DNA

87
Q

Located in center of cell near nucleus
Contain centriole

A

centromeres

88
Q

Information-processing and administrative center

89
Q

regulator of cell cycle progression

A

centromeres

90
Q

-Small spherical organelles that attach to endoplasmic reticulum
-2/3 RNA, 1/3 protein
-Assembly sites where mRNA and tRNA combine amino acids into protein

91
Q

manufacturing facilities

92
Q

Digestion and break down proteins and certain carbs within cytoplasm
Radiation may induce a rupture – cell can die

93
Q

suicide bags

94
Q

prime energy molecule in cel

95
Q

ATP – prime energy molecule in cell
Essential for sustaining life and in active transport in cell
Contracts muscles – greatest number found in greatest activity

A

Mitochondria

96
Q

break down of large molecules into smaller ones – some energy lost as heat – rest is used to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

catabolism

97
Q

– atoms lose and electron – breakdown of nutrients (ex – iron -iron oxide - rust)

98
Q

“powerhouse” – supply energy for cells

A

mitochondria

99
Q

concentrates, packages, and transports them through cell membrane so they can exit cell and enter bloodstrea

A

golgi apparatus

100
Q

Unites carbs and proteins (glycoproteins)

Glycoproteins involved in every cell proces

A

golgi apparatus

101
Q

– vast network of tubules and vesicles spreading and interconnecting in all directions in cytoplasm. Cell can communicate and transfer food and molecules. Highway system of cel

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

102
Q

Two types – granular and agranula

A

endoplasmic reticulum

103
Q

Examples – mRNA, lipids and proteins – through tubular network
Two types – granular and agranular

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

104
Q

Tubules (small tubes)Vesicles (small cavities or sacs containing liquid)
Granules (small insoluble, nonmembranous particles found in cytoplasm
Fibrils (minute fibers or strands that are frequently part of a compound fiber)DNA determines function of each – mRNA carries the DNA code from nucleus

A

cytoplasmic organelles

105
Q

small tubes

106
Q

small cavities or sacs containing liquids

107
Q

small insoluble , nonmembranous particles found in cytoplasms

108
Q

minute fibers or strands that are frequently part of a compound fiber

109
Q

miniature cellular components present in the cytoplasm that enable cell to function

A

cytoplasmic organelles

110
Q

protoplasm that exists outside the cell’s nucleus

111
Q

Behaving like a factory, the cytoplasm constituents perform the following major tasks:

A
  1. Accepts and builds up unrefined materials and from these materials assembles new substances such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins; the assembly of larger molecules from smaller ones is known as anabolism
  2. Breaks down organic materials to produce energy (catabolism)
  3. Packages substances for distribution to other areas of the cell or to various sites in the body through the circulation
  4. Eliminates waste products
112
Q

Primarily water but also has proteins, carbs, lipids, salts, minerals
Makes up majority of cell and contains large amounts of cell’s molecular components (not DNA)
All cellular metabolic functions occur here

113
Q

Made up of lipids and proteins
Functions as a barricade to protect cellular contents from outside environment
Controls passage of water in and out of cel

A

cell membrane

114
Q

rail, semipermeable, flexible structure encasing and surrounding the human cel

A

cell membrane

115
Q

plays a primary role in transport system

A

active transport and passive

116
Q

what transport expends energy

A

active transport

117
Q

which transport has no energy (osmosis)

118
Q

functions of water within the cell

A

Is the medium in which the chemical reactions that are the basis of metabolic activities occur

Acts as a solvent, keeping compounds dissolved so that they can more easily interact and their concentration may be regulated

119
Q

functions of water outside the cell

A

Functions as a transport vehicle for materials the cell uses or eliminates

Is responsible for maintaining a constant body core temperature of 98.6° F (37° C)

Lubricates both the digestive system and skeletal articulations

Protects organs such as the brain and lung

120
Q

Keep correct proportion of water in the cell to maintain osmotic pressure

A

function of mineral salts within the cell

121
Q

Necessary for
Proper cell performance
Creation of energy
Conduction of impulses along nerves
Ions, constituents of salt, via chemical reaction cause materials to be altered, broken down, and recombined to form new substances

A

function of mineral salts within the cell

Rad Bio (9 decks)

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