Chapter 6- overview of cell biology Flashcards
A science that explores living things and life processes
Biology
basic units of all living matter
cells
essential for life
cells
fundamental components of structure, development, growth, and life processes in the human body
biology
-Basic units of all living matter
-Essential for life
-Fundamental components of structure, development, growth, and life processes in the human body
Cells
Exist in a multitude of different forms
Perform many diverse functions for the body
Some exist as freely moving, independent units, whereas others remain in one position as part of the tissues of larger organisms throughout their lifetimes.
If mature, are highly specialized and have predetermined tasks to perform in support of the body
Can move, grow, react, protect themselves and repair damage, regulate life processes, and reproduce
The cell
Requirements of the body
Provide food as a source of raw material for the release of energy
Supply oxygen to help break down the food
Have enough water to transport inorganic substances into and out of the cell
Benefit of proper cell function is that it enables the body to maintain:
homeostasis or equilibrium
Effect of ionizing radiation damaging the components of the cell involved in molecular synthesis beyond repair
what do the cells do:
-cells behave abnormally
-cells die
Cell Chemical Composition
Protoplasm
Organic compounds
Inorganic compounds
Major classes of organic compounds that compose the cell
proteins
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acid
what is the basic constituent of all organic matter
carbon
Chemical building material for all living thing
protoplasm
Carries on the complex process of metabolism, the reception and processing of food and oxygen, and the elimination of waste products
protoplasm
consists of organic compounds and inorganic materials either dissolved or suspended in water
protoplasm
formed from some elements, with the four primary elements involved being carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
protoplasm
water and mineral salts (electrolytes) are the most important inorganic substances
protoplasm
Chemical building material for all living things
Carries on the complex process of metabolism, the reception and processing of food and oxygen, and the elimination of waste products
Consists of organic compounds and inorganic materials either dissolved or suspended in water
Formed from some elements, with the four primary elements involved being carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Water and mineral salts (electrolytes) are the most important inorganic substance
protoplasm
Contains the most carbon of all the organic compounds
Constitute approximately 15% of cell content
Essential for growth, the construction of new body tissue, and the repair of injured or debilitated tissue
Formed when amino acids combine into long, chainlike molecular complexes
proteins
Provide the body with its shape and form
Provide a source of heat and energy for the body
structural proteins
-Function as organic catalysts
-Control the cell’s various physiologic activities
-Cause an increase in cellular activity that in turn causes biochemical reactions to occur more rapidly to meet the needs of the cell
enzymatic proteins
how many amino acids are involved in protein production or protein synthesis
22 different amino acids
-Involves 22 different amino acids
-Order of arrangement of these amino acids determines the precise function of each protein molecule
-Type of protein macromolecule that any given cell contains determines the characteristics of that cel
protein production or protein synthesis
-Protein molecules produced by specialized cells in the bone marrow called B lymphocytes
-Produced when other lymphocytes in the body (T lymphocytes) detect the presence of molecules that do not belong to the body
-Chemically attack any foreign invaders or antigens
antibodies
-chemical secretions manufactured by various endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream to influence the activities of other parts of the body
-regulate body functions such as groth and development
hormones
Can mend damaged molecules and are therefore capable of helping the cell to recover from a small amount of radiation-induced damage
Vital to the survival of cells
Work effectively in both the diagnostic and therapeutic energy ranges
repair enxymes
constitute approx. 2% of cell contents
lipids
make up approx 1% of cell contents
carbohydrates (saccharides)
Make up approximately 1% of cell content
Include starches and various sugars
Range from simple to complex
Function as short-term energy warehouses for the body
Primary purpose is to provide fuel for cell metabolism
Most abundant in the liver and in muscle tissue
Important structural parts of cell walls and intercellular materials
carbohydrates (saccahrides)
Made up of a molecule of glycerin and three molecules of fatty acid
Are organic macromolecules
Are the structural parts of cell membranes
Present in all body tissue
Perform various functions for the body
lipids
comprise approx 1% of the cell
nucleis acids
what are two types of nucleic acid cells contain
DNR and RNA
Comprise approximately 1% of the cell
Are very large, complex macromolecules
Are made up by nucleotides
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are two types of nucleic acid cells contain
Nucleic ACIDS
-Composed of two long sugar-phosphate chains, which twist around each other in a double-helix configuration and are linked by pairs of nitrogenous organic bases at the sugar molecule of the chain -Hydrogen bonds attach the bases to each other
-Contains all the information the cell needs to function
-Carries the genetic information necessary for cell replication
DNA
-Regulates all cellular activity to direct protein synthesis
-Determines a person’s characteristics by regulating the sequence of amino acids in the person’s constituent proteins during synthesis of these proteins
-Sequence of nitrogenous base pairs in a DNA molecule that constitutes the genetic code
-Has some structural differences when compared with RNA
DNA
-DNA regulates cellular activity indirectly, transmitting its genetic information outside the cell nucleus by reproducing itself in the form of mRNA.
-mRNA leaves the nucleus and, once in the cytoplasm, directs the process of making proteins out of amino acids.
-Differs from DNA in two important ways
-Appears as a single strand of the DNA ladderlike configuration, the ladder being severed in half lengthwise
mRNA
-Receives genetic code from mRNA
-Combines with individual amino acids from different areas of the cell and attaches them to the ribosomes, where amino acids are arranged in specific orders to form chainlike protein molecules
-At least 22 types of tRNA exist, one for each amino acid
-Linking with its corresponding amino acid in the correct order, proteins necessary to provide for the needs of the cell are produced
tRNA
-Another type of RNA
-Its function is to assist in the linking of mRNA to the ribosome to facilitate protein synthesis
Ribosomal RNA
-Tiny rod-shaped bodies that under a microscope appear to be long threadlike structures that become visible only in dividing cells.
-Composed of protein and DNA
-Normal human has 46 different chromosomes (23 pairs) in each somatic (nonreproductive) cell.
-Reproductive cells (germ cells) have only 23 chromosomes each
Chromosomes
-Segments of DNA that serve as the basic units of heredity.
-Each one contains information responsible for directing cytoplasmic activity, controlling growth and development of the cell, and transmitting hereditary information.
-Control the formation of proteins in every cell through the intricate process of genetic coding
Genes
Process of locating and identifying the genes in the genome is called
mapping
The total amount of genetic material (DNA) contained within the chromosomes of a human being
Process of locating and identifying the genes in the genome is called mapping
There are 2.9 billion base pairs in the human genome
These base pairs are arranged into approximately 30,000 genes.
It is estimated that these genes are capable of producing 90,000 different proteins.
Data obtained from the Human Genome Project have allowed us to work on problems in molecular biology
human genome
Compounds that do not contain carbon
Occur in nature independent of living things; they are acids, bases, and salts (electrolytes)
Water and mineral salts are the most important inorganic substances.
Water comprises approximately 80% to 85% of the body’s weight.
Is imperative for the correct amount of water in a cell to be maintained
inorganic compounds
compounds that do not contain carbon
inorganic compounds
monoxygotic twins
idnetical twins
dizygotic twins
fraternal twins
polyzygotic syblings
more than two
Special type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell to half the number of chromosomes in the parent cel
meiosis
four subphases of mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
period of cell growth that occurs before actual mitosis
Interphase
Results in an approximately equal distribution of all cellular material between the two daughter cells
Mitosis
There are two types of cell division that occur in the body:
mitosis and meiosis
a process in which the nucleus first divides, followed by the division of the cytoplasm
mitosis
Process that occurs when all somatic cells divide
mitosis
a process of reduction cell division
meiosis
process that occurs when genetic cells divide
meiosis
The multiplication process whereby one cell divides to form two or more cells
cell division
RNA copy center - synthesizes ribosomes
nucleolus
known as the Plastic storage bag
cell membrane
functions as a barricade to protect cellular contents from their environment and controls the passage of water and other materials into and out of the cell; performs many additional functions such as elimination of wastes and refining of material for energy through breakdown of the materials
cell membrane
also knowns as the highway
endoplasmic reticulum
enables the cell to communicate with the extracellular environment and transfers food from one part of the cell to another
endoplasmic reticulum
Every mature human cell is highly specialized and has predetermined tasks to perform in support of the body.
Cells:
- Move
- Grow
- React
- Protect themselves
- Repair damage
- Regulate life processes
- Reproduce
These cells exist in a multitude of different forms and perform many diverse functions for the body, such as the following:
- Conduction of nerve impulses
- Contraction of muscles
- Support of various organs
- Transportation of body fluids, such as blood
the living contents of a cell surrounded by a plasma membrane. The protoplasm is the chemical building material for all living things.
protoplasm
The biomolecules that constitute protoplasm are formed from many elements, among which there are four primary components:
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen
- Nitrogen
Unites large carbohydrate molecules and combines them with proteins to form glycoproteins; transports enzymes and hormones through the cell membrane so that they can exit the cell, enter the bloodstream, and be carried to areas of the body in which they are required.
golgi apparatus
freight hauling
golgi apparatus
Produce energy for cellular activity by breaking down nutrients through a process of oxidation.
mitochondria
power generating stations
mitochondria
Dispose of large particles such as bacteria and food, as well as smaller particles; also contain hydrolytic enzymes that can break down and digest proteins, certain carbohydrates, and the cell itself if the lysosome’s surrounding membrane breaks.
lysosomes
garbages bags with poison pills
lysosomes
Manufacture the various proteins that cells require.
ribosomes
manufacturing facilities
ribosomes
Plays an important role in organizing the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division.
centromeres
spindle weaver
centromeres
Contains the genetic, or hereditary, material, DNA, and proteins. Also contains the nucleolus. The nucleus controls cell division and multiplication and the biochemical reactions that occur within the cell. Also directs protein synthesis.
nucleus
Information-processing and administrative center of the cell
nucleus
Contains the genetic material; controls cell division and multiplication and biochemical reactions that occur within the living cell.
dna
the blue prints
dna
Holds a large amount of RNA and synthesizes ribosomes
nucleolus
rna copy center
nucleolus
Chromosomes are genetic history of cel
genes
Proteins and DNA within nucleoplasm are arranged in long threads called:
chromatin
centerContains -
Genetic and heredity material
DNA blueprints, instructions for building proteins
Proteins
Nucleus
cells divide and make two new identical cells – make 2 copies of their DNA – each cell has exact, correct DNA
mitosis
Located in center of cell near nucleus
Contain centriole
centromeres
Information-processing and administrative center
nucleus
regulator of cell cycle progression
centromeres
-Small spherical organelles that attach to endoplasmic reticulum
-2/3 RNA, 1/3 protein
-Assembly sites where mRNA and tRNA combine amino acids into protein
ribosomes
manufacturing facilities
ribosomes
Digestion and break down proteins and certain carbs within cytoplasm
Radiation may induce a rupture – cell can die
lysosomes
suicide bags
lysosomes
prime energy molecule in cel
atp
ATP – prime energy molecule in cell
Essential for sustaining life and in active transport in cell
Contracts muscles – greatest number found in greatest activity
Mitochondria
break down of large molecules into smaller ones – some energy lost as heat – rest is used to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
catabolism
– atoms lose and electron – breakdown of nutrients (ex – iron -iron oxide - rust)
oxidation
“powerhouse” – supply energy for cells
mitochondria
concentrates, packages, and transports them through cell membrane so they can exit cell and enter bloodstrea
golgi apparatus
Unites carbs and proteins (glycoproteins)
Glycoproteins involved in every cell proces
golgi apparatus
– vast network of tubules and vesicles spreading and interconnecting in all directions in cytoplasm. Cell can communicate and transfer food and molecules. Highway system of cel
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Two types – granular and agranula
endoplasmic reticulum
Examples – mRNA, lipids and proteins – through tubular network
Two types – granular and agranular
Endoplasmic reticulum
Tubules (small tubes)Vesicles (small cavities or sacs containing liquid)
Granules (small insoluble, nonmembranous particles found in cytoplasm
Fibrils (minute fibers or strands that are frequently part of a compound fiber)DNA determines function of each – mRNA carries the DNA code from nucleus
cytoplasmic organelles
small tubes
tubules
small cavities or sacs containing liquids
vesicles
small insoluble , nonmembranous particles found in cytoplasms
granules
minute fibers or strands that are frequently part of a compound fiber
fibrils
miniature cellular components present in the cytoplasm that enable cell to function
cytoplasmic organelles
protoplasm that exists outside the cell’s nucleus
cytoplasm
Behaving like a factory, the cytoplasm constituents perform the following major tasks:
- Accepts and builds up unrefined materials and from these materials assembles new substances such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins; the assembly of larger molecules from smaller ones is known as anabolism
- Breaks down organic materials to produce energy (catabolism)
- Packages substances for distribution to other areas of the cell or to various sites in the body through the circulation
- Eliminates waste products
Primarily water but also has proteins, carbs, lipids, salts, minerals
Makes up majority of cell and contains large amounts of cell’s molecular components (not DNA)
All cellular metabolic functions occur here
cytoplasm
Made up of lipids and proteins
Functions as a barricade to protect cellular contents from outside environment
Controls passage of water in and out of cel
cell membrane
rail, semipermeable, flexible structure encasing and surrounding the human cel
cell membrane
plays a primary role in transport system
active transport and passive
what transport expends energy
active transport
which transport has no energy (osmosis)
passive
functions of water within the cell
Is the medium in which the chemical reactions that are the basis of metabolic activities occur
Acts as a solvent, keeping compounds dissolved so that they can more easily interact and their concentration may be regulated
functions of water outside the cell
Functions as a transport vehicle for materials the cell uses or eliminates
Is responsible for maintaining a constant body core temperature of 98.6° F (37° C)
Lubricates both the digestive system and skeletal articulations
Protects organs such as the brain and lung
Keep correct proportion of water in the cell to maintain osmotic pressure
function of mineral salts within the cell
Necessary for
Proper cell performance
Creation of energy
Conduction of impulses along nerves
Ions, constituents of salt, via chemical reaction cause materials to be altered, broken down, and recombined to form new substances
function of mineral salts within the cell
