Chapter 1 - Intro to Radiation Protection

Question 1

A form of ionizing radiation

Answer 1

X-rays

Question 2

Is radiation that produces positively and negatively charges particles (ions) when passing through matter

Answer 2

Ionizing Radiation

Question 3

The production of these ions is the event that may cause injury in normal biologic tissue

Answer 3

ionizing radiation

Question 4

List some consequences of ionization in human cells

Answer 4

• creation of unstable atoms
• production of free electrons
  -production of low energy x-ray photons
  -creation of highly reactive free molecules( called free radicals) capable of producing substances poisonous to the cell
  -creation of new biologic molecules detrimental to the living cell
  -Injury to the cell that may manifest itself as abnormal function or loss of function.

Question 5

Goals of Radiation Protection

Answer 5

-protect persons from both short term and long term effects of radiation

Question 6

-Use of knowledge of radiation-induced hazards that have been gained over many years
-employ effective methods to eliminate those hazards
-control radiation produced from an x-ray tube and ensure safety during all medical radiation procedures
-limiting the energy deposited in loving tissue by radiation can reduce the potential for adverse effects

Answer 6

Control of “radiant Energy”

Question 7

Any radiation exposure that does not enhance the quality of the study

Answer 7

Unnecessary Radiation

Question 8

Any radiation exposure that does not benefit a person in terms of diagnostic information obtained for the clinical management of medical needs.

Answer 8

Unnecessary Radiation

Question 9

Effective measures employed by radiation workers to safeguard patients, personnel, and the general public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation

Answer 9

Radiation Protection

Question 10

-Ongoing responsibility of diagnostic imaging professionals to ensure radiation safety during all medical radiation procedures
-obligation is fulfilled by adhering to an established radiation protection program

Answer 10

Concept of radiation protection

Question 11

Measured in coulomb per kilogram [C/kg], or milliroentgen [mR]

Answer 11

Exposure Dose

Question 11

The amount of energy that is deposited in a material per unit mass of the material. measured in milligray [mGy]

Answer 11

Absorbed Dose

Question 11

Amount of radiation produced in air when ionizing radiation is present. Measured in coulomb per kilogram [C/kg], or milliroentgen [mR]

Answer 11

Exposure Dose

Question 12

A quantity that is a measure of general harm in humans. Measured in millisievert [mSv]

Answer 12

Effective Dose

Question 13

protects against leakage radiation and electric shock

Answer 13

Tube housing

Question 14

Vacuum environment

Answer 14

Tube or glass envelope

Question 15

-negative electrode
-contains the filament and focusing cup

Answer 15

Cathode

Question 16

-made of thoriated tungsten
-high melting point
-responsible for producing thermionic emission
-source of electrons for xray production
-determines the size of the focal spot
-may have 2- dual focus tube

Answer 16

Filament

Question 17

-made of nickel /molybdenum
-keeps the electron cloud/ space charge

Answer 17

Focusing cup

Question 18

-made of tungsten or tungsten rhenium alloys
-serves as a target for projectile electrons and primary thermal conductor of the tube
-rotating anodes : allow for greater heat capacity

Answer 18

Rotating Anodes

Question 19

examples of short term

Answer 19

hair loss
redness of skin

Question 20

long term

Answer 20

cancer

Question 21

somatic

Answer 21

yourself

Question 22

genetic

Answer 22

for the future

Question 23

measured in millisievert [mSv]

Answer 23

Effective dose

Question 24

Which dose is the overall better measurement

Answer 24

Effective Dose

Question 25

What dose reflects what type of radiation how much of a dose and what organ or tissue it is hitting

Answer 25

Effective Dose

Question 26

Which dose is type of radiation and dose received

Answer 26

Equivalent dose

Question 27

What is equivalent dose measured in

Answer 27

millisievert or sievert

Question 28

ALARA

Answer 28

As low as reasonably achievable

Question 29

synonymous with the term optimization for radiation protection

Answer 29

ALARA

Question 30

Intention behind these concepts of radiologic practice is to keep radiation exposure and consequent dose to the lowest possible level

Answer 30

ALARA

Question 31

The degree to which the diagnostic study accurately reveals the presence or absence of disease in the patient

Answer 31

Diagnostic Efficacy

Question 32

Maximized when essential images are produced under recommended radiation protection guidelines

Answer 32

Diagnostic Efficacy

Question 33

Provides the basis for determining whether an imaging procedure or practice is justified

Answer 33

Diagnostic Efficacy

Question 34

Benefit versus risk Patient can elect to assume the relatively small risk of exposure to ionizing radiation.

Answer 34

To obtain essential diagnostic medical information when illness or injury occurs. When a specific imaging procedure for health screening purposes is prudent. Example: When women elect to undergo screening mammography to detect breast cancer in its early stages.

Question 35

The three basic principles of radiation protection

Answer 35

Time Distance Shielding

Question 36

The three basic principles of radiation protection can be applied to the

Answer 36

patient and radiographer

Question 37

Educating patients about imaging procedures helps to ensure the highest quality of service. Use appropriate and effective communication. Answer questions about the potential risk of radiation exposure honestly Inform patients of what needs to be done, if anything, as a follow-up to their examination

Answer 37

Patient Protection and Patient Education

Question 38

* Be aware of rules governing the workplace. * Perform duties consistent with ALARA

Answer 38

Radiation Workers' Responsibilities

Question 39

* Implement and maintain an effective radiation safety program in which to execute ALARA by providing the following: * Necessary resources * Appropriate environment for ALARA program * Make a written policy statement describing the ALARA program and identifying the commitment of management to keep all radiation exposure ALARA available to all employees in the workplace. * Perform periodic exposure audits to determine how to lower radiation exposure in the workplace.

Answer 39

Employers Responsibilities

Question 40

The probability of injury, ailment, or death resulting from an activity

Answer 40

Risk in general terms

Question 41

with reference to the radiation sciences The possibility of inducing a radiogenic cancer or genetic defect after irradiation

Answer 41

Risk in medical industry

Question 42

Perception that the potential benefit to be obtained is greater than the risk involved.

Answer 42

Willingness to accept risk

Question 43

A method that can be used to improve understanding and reduce fear and anxiety for the patient.

Answer 43

BERT( Background Equivalent Radiation Time)

Question 44

Compares the amount of radiation received with natural background radiation received over a given period of time (see Table 1-1 in textbook) Based on an annual U.S. population exposure of approximately 3 mSv per year

Answer 44

BERT

Question 45

does not imply radiation risk; it is simply a means for comparison. emphasizes that radiation is an innate part of our environment. is easy for the patient to comprehend.

Answer 45

BERT

Question 46

Who is significantly more radiation sensitive

Answer 46

Children

Question 47

Started by the alliance Dissemination of information on pediatric CT dose reduction among the various medical specialties that refer patients for CT examinations

Answer 47

Image Gently Campaign

Question 48

Partnership of medical societies whose overall common purpose is to reduce the radiation dose for pediatric patients. Goal: Raise awareness among nonradiology users.

Answer 48

Alliance for Radiation Safety in Pediatric Imaging

Question 49

Created to address concerns about the increase of public exposure to ionizing radiation from medical imaging.

Answer 49

Image Wisely Campaign

Question 50

project in place to provide data on the measurement of radiation of x-ray machines. Reference values set at some fraction, for example, 75% of the maximum of the distribution of dose values measured. Levels may be used to allow individual institutions to determine where they stand with regard to standard practices at the majority of institutions.

Answer 50

NEXT Program and Reference Values

Question 51

When patient dose is predicted to or has substantially exceeded present dose levels, the staff radiologist is notified. A medical physicist may be called upon to estimate patient doses such as effective dose, peak skin dose, or fetal dose.

Answer 51

Protocols for Dose Alerts