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BIO112 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino acids

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2
Q

What is the full form of DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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3
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Double helix

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4
Q

How many types of nucleotides are present in DNA?

A

Four

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5
Q

What are the four nucleotides present in DNA?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

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6
Q

Which nucleotide pairs with Adenine in DNA?

A

Thymine

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7
Q

Which nucleotide pairs with Cytosine in DNA?

A

Guanine

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8
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

Contains genetic instructions for the development and functioning of living organisms

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9
Q

What is the primary function of amino acids?

A

Building blocks of proteins

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10
Q

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

A

RNA uses Uracil instead of Thymine as a base

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11
Q

What is the backbone of DNA made of?

A

Sugar-phosphate

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12
Q

What type of bond holds the two strands of DNA together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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13
Q

What is the shape of the DNA molecule?

A

Double helix

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14
Q

What is the function of DNA polymerase?

A

Enzyme that synthesizes DNA molecules

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15
Q

What is the function of RNA polymerase?

A

Enzyme that synthesizes RNA molecules

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16
Q

What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

A

Transfers amino acids to the ribosome

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17
Q

What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

A

Carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome

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18
Q

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

A

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

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19
Q

What is the genetic code?

A

The set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material is translated into proteins

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20
Q

What is a codon?

A

A sequence of three nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid

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21
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

A sequence of three nucleotides on tRNA that is complementary to a codon on mRNA

22
Q

What is the start codon in protein synthesis?

A

AUG (codes for Methionine)

23
Q

What is the stop codon in protein synthesis?

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

24
Q

What is the function of DNA ligase?

A

Enzyme that joins Okazaki fragments during DNA replication

25
Q

What is the role of helicase in DNA replication?

A

Unwinds the double helix

26
Q

What is the function of topoisomerase in DNA replication?

A

Relieves strain in the DNA molecule ahead of the replication fork

27
Q

What is the role of primase in DNA replication?

A

Synthesizes RNA primers for DNA polymerase

28
Q

What is the function of DNA gyrase in DNA replication?

A

Relieves supercoiling ahead of the replication fork

29
Q

What is the difference between leading and lagging strands in DNA replication?

A

Leading strand is synthesized continuously, lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously

30
Q

What is the function of Okazaki fragments in DNA replication?

A

Short, newly synthesized DNA fragments formed on the lagging strand during DNA replication

31
Q

What is the end product of DNA replication?

A

Two identical DNA molecules

32
Q

What is the role of DNA ligase in DNA replication?

A

Joins the Okazaki fragments to form a continuous DNA strand

33
Q

What is the role of the origin of replication in DNA replication?

A

Site where DNA replication begins

34
Q

What is the role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?

A

Enzyme that synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to the growing chain

35
Q

What is the function of the promoter region in DNA replication?

A

Initiates transcription by RNA polymerase

36
Q

What is the function of the terminator region in DNA replication?

A

Signals the end of transcription

37
Q

What is the role of the ribosome in protein synthesis?

A

Site of translation where mRNA is read and proteins are synthesized

38
Q

What is the role of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in protein synthesis?

A

Forms part of the ribosome and helps catalyze peptide bond formation

39
Q

What is the function of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in protein synthesis?

A

Facilitates binding of mRNA to the ribosome

40
Q

What is the function of the Kozak sequence in protein synthesis?

A

Facilitates translation initiation in eukaryotes

41
Q

What is the role of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase in protein synthesis?

A

Attaches the correct amino acid to its corresponding tRNA molecule

42
Q

What is the role of the P site in the ribosome during protein synthesis?

A

Site where the growing polypeptide chain is held

43
Q

What is the function of the A site in the ribosome during protein synthesis?

A

Site where the next aminoacyl-tRNA binds

44
Q

What is the role of the E site in the ribosome during protein synthesis?

A

Site where the tRNA exits the ribosome

45
Q

What is the function of release factors in protein synthesis?

A

Proteins that trigger termination of translation by recognizing stop codons

46
Q

What is the function of chaperone proteins in protein synthesis?

A

Assist in the folding of newly synthesized proteins

47
Q

What is the role of the signal recognition particle (SRP) in protein synthesis?

A

Guides ribosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum for protein secretion

48
Q

What is the function of telomeres in DNA replication?

A

Protect the ends of chromosomes from deterioration

49
Q

What is the role of telomerase in DNA replication?

A

Enzyme that adds repetitive nucleotide sequences to the ends of chromosomes

50
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication?

A

Prokaryotic replication is bidirectional from a single origin, eukaryotic replication is bidirectional from multiple origins

BIO112 (6 decks)

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