Chapter 9 Flashcards
The endocrine system consists of specialized tissues and glands that
secrete chemical messengers called _______.
a. targets
b. hormones
c. cyclic AMP
d. releasing hormones
b. hormones
_______ are specific cells on which hormones act.
a. Target cells
b. Alpha cells
c. Hormonal cells
d. Prostaglandins
a. Target cells
Neuroendocrine cells are _______.
a. endocrine cells that produce neurons
b. transported by the lymph system
c. an important link between the nervous and
endocrine systems
d. produced by prostaglandins
c. an important link between the nervous and
endocrine systems
_______ are a group of about 16 closely related lipids that are manufactured by many different tissues in the body.
a. Prostaglandins
b. FSH
c. cAMP
d. Parathyroid hormones
a. Prostaglandins
Hormone secretion is typically regulated by _______.
a. the thyroid gland
b. positive target tissues
c. negative feedback
d. oxytocin
c. negative feedback
A hormone that initiates changes in target cells that lead to some effects is
referred to as a _______.
a. second messenger
b. transporter
c. first messenger
d. hypersecreter
c. first messenger
In _______, the endocrine gland decreases its hormone output to
abnormally low levels, which deprives target cells of needed stimulation.
a. hypersecretion
b. hyposecretion
c. cyclic secretion
d. neurosecretion
b. hyposecretion
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) _______.
a. activates one or more enzymes, triggering
a chain of reactions leading to a specific
metabolic effect in the cell
b. binds to calmodulin to turn genes on
c. is a first messenger
d. activates G proteins
a. activates one or more enzymes, triggering
a chain of reactions leading to a specific
metabolic effect in the cell
Steroid hormones _______.
a. use calcium ions as second messengers
b. use cAMP as second messengers
c. activate G proteins in the cell membrane
d. turn specific genes on or off
d. turn specific genes on or off
The _______ regulates most endocrine activity and links the nervous and
endocrine systems.
a. hypothalamus
b. pituitary
c. thalamus
d. parathyroid
a. hypothalamus
The _______ gland secretes several different hormones and is called the
master gland.
a. pineal
b. adrenal
c. pituitary
d. thyroid
c. pituitary
_______ deficiency can lead to the condition called diabetes insipidus, in
which enormous quantities of urine may be excreted.
a. TSH
b. Oxytocin
c. FSH
d. ADH
d. ADH
During lactation, _______ stimulates cells in the mammary glands to
secrete milk.
a. prolactin
b. calmodulin
c. ADH
d. oxytocin
a. prolactin
The _______ gland, shaped somewhat like a shield, lies anterior to the
trachea and just below the larynx.
a. parathyroid
b. thalamus
c. pituitary
d. thyroid
d. thyroid
Growth hormone is _______.
a. released in response to somatomedins
b. a promoter of protein synthesis
c. released by the posterior lobe of the
pituitary
d. a tropic hormone
b. a promoter of protein synthesis
The _______ regulate(s) calcium concentration.
a. parathyroid glands
b. islets of Langerhans
c. pituitary gland
d. thyroid gland
a. parathyroid glands
When glucose concentration becomes very high, _______.
a. calcitonin is released from the parathyroid
gland
b. glucagon is released by the islets of
Langerhans
c. beta cells secrete insulin
d. the adrenal medulla releases cortisol
c. beta cells secrete insulin
The _______ is called the emergency gland of the body because it
prepares us to cope with threatening situations.
a. adrenal cortex
b. adrenal medulla
c. pineal gland
d. thyroid
b. adrenal medulla
The main glucocorticoid is _______.
a. epinephrine
b. mineralocorticoid
c. cortisol
d. norepinephrine
c. cortisol
Stress stimulates the _______ to secrete corticotrophin-releasing factor
(CRF).
a. anterior pituitary
b. hypothalamus
c. pancreas
d. posterior pituitary
b. hypothalamus
The _______ system helps regulate growth, reproduction, use of nutrients
by cells, and fluid balance.
a. exocrine
b. endocrine
c. lymphatic
d. skeletal
b. endocrine
_______ interact(s) with other hormones to regulate various metabolic activities, such as reducing or raising blood pressure and stimulating contraction of the
uterus.
a. Prostaglandins
b. Cortisol
c. Cyclic AMP
d. TSH
a. Prostaglandins
Steroid hormones are relatively small molecules that _______.
a. pass easily through the plasma membrane
of a target cell
b. use cAMP as a second messenger
c. combine with receptors on the plasma
membrane of the target cell
d. trigger a chain of reactions that inhibit
metabolism
a. pass easily through the plasma membrane
of a target cell
In _______, a gland increases its output to abnormally high levels,
overstimulating target cells.
a. hyposecretion
b. exosecretion
c. hypersecretion
d. neurosecretion
c. hypersecretion
A _______, associated with the plasma membrane, is activated by
hormones to begin a series of molecular events.
a. prostaglandin
b. cAMP second messenger
c. calmodulin molecule
d. G protein
d. G protein
The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland releases two hormones, _______
and _______.
a. oxytocin; parathyroid hormone
b. oxytocin; antidiuretic hormone
c. antidiuretic hormone; growth hormone
d. TSH; FSH
b. oxytocin; antidiuretic hormone
_______ stimulates contraction of smooth muscle in the wall of the uterus and stimulates release of milk from the breast.
a. Antidiuretic hormone
b. Thyroxine
c. ADH
d. Oxytocin
d. Oxytocin
The _______ hormones include thyroid stimulating hormone,
adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone.
a. gonadotropic
b. hypothalamic
c. tropic
d. growth
c. tropic
The anterior pituitary secretes _______, which promotes synthesis and
secretion of thyroid hormones.
a. thyroxine
b. TSH
c. FSH
d. calcitonin
b. TSH
The _______ releases GHRH and GHIH to regulate growth hormone
secretion.
a. anterior pituitary
b. posterior pituitary
c. hypothalamus
d. pineal gland
c. hypothalamus
Extreme _______ during childhood results in low metabolic rate and
retarded mental and physical development, a condition known as cretinism.
a. hypothyroidism
b. hyperthyroidism
c. hyposecretion of growth hormone
d. hyposecretion of insulin
a. hypothyroidism
The parathyroid glands secrete _______, a small protein that regulates the
calcium level of the blood and tissue fluid.
a. thyroxine
b. parathyroid hormone
c. TSH
d. calcitonin
b. parathyroid hormone
Beta cells of the islets of Langerhans produce the hormone _______.
a. parathyroid hormone
b. FSH
c. insulin
d. glucagon
c. insulin
_______ raises the blood glucose level by stimulating liver cells to convert
glycogen to glucose.
a. Insulin
b. TSH
c. Calcitonin
d. Glucagon
d. Glucagon
_______ lowers the concentration of glucose in the blood.
a. Insulin
b. TSH
c. Calcitonin
d. Glucagon
a. Insulin
In diabetes mellitus, _______.
a. insulin overstimulates cells to take in
glucose
b. cells turn to fat and protein for energy
c. glucose cannot be detected in the urine
d. alpha cells secrete too little glucagon
b. cells turn to fat and protein for energy
The adrenal medulla secretes _______.
a. cortisol
b. norepinephrine
c. ACTH
d. glucocorticoids
b. norepinephrine
Epinephrine and norepinephrine _______.
a. increase metabolic rate
b. decrease blood pressure
c. constrict the airway
d. answers A, B, and C are correct
a. increase metabolic rate
Aldosterone _______.
a. promotes production of glucose from
other nutrients
b. increases cardiac output
c. has masculinizing effects
d. helps maintain sodium and potassium
homeostasis
d. helps maintain sodium and potassium
homeostasis
Thymosin, produced by the thymus gland, plays a role in _______.
a. immune responses
b. reproduction
c. growth
d. facilitating sleep
a. immune responses
