Chapter 9 Flashcards
language
linguistic relativity
two languages may be so different from each other that the native speakers experience the world differently
Sapir-whorf hypothesis
futured language
languages that mark the future tense, making a clear differentiation between present and future
futureless language
languages that do not mark the future tense
i.e., in mandarin, context usually determines time rather than verb conjugation
hesitation pauses
pauses in speech, often characterized by disfluencies like “uh” or “um”
conversational maxims
- Quantity - say no more than what is necessary
- Quality - be truthful
- Relation - be relevant
- Manner - avoid ambiguity and be clear
deep and surface structure
the sequences of words that makes up a sentence constitutes a surface structure that is derived from an underlying deep structure
deep - meaning
surface - words
egocentric speech
speech that does not take the listener’s perspective into account
inner speech
speech for oneself that regulates thought
dual route theory
how we process written words using two distinct cognitive pathways
lexical: processes familiar words by recognizing them as whole units (recognizing word cat)
non-lexical: processes non-familiar words by breaking them down into phonemes (sounding it out)
concealing function hypothesis
some forms of communication (mostly non-verbal and indirect), are used to hide true intentions or feelings
competence vs performance
C: a person’s knowledge of the rules of their language and their mental capacity to use and understand the language correctly
P: the actual use of the language in concrete situations (how its used)
figurative language
uses figures of speech to be more effective
i.e., simile, metaphor, personification
idea density
the number of distinct propositions or ideas expressed in a given amount of text
innateness hypothesis
suggests humans are born with an innate ability to acquire language
dyslexia
a specific learning disability that affects reading and language processing
