Chapter 11

Question 1

illusory correlation

Answer 1

the mistaken belief that events go together when in fact they do not

i.e., rainy days are associated with increased joint pain

Question 2

intuitive concept

Answer 2

a type of concept that is easily acquired and used by almost all adults

Question 3

gamblers fallacy

Answer 3

the mistaken belief that an event that has not occurred on several independent trials is more likely to happen on future trials

Question 4

representativeness heuristic

Answer 4

making inferences on the assumption that small samples resemble one another and the population from which they are drawn

Question 5

availability heuristic

Answer 5

make judgements about the likelihood of events based on the ease with which something can be brought to mind

Question 6

logic premise types

Answer 6

1. categorical
2. disjunctive
3. hypothetical
4. probabilistic
5. inductive
6. deductive
7. universal
8. existential

Question 7

categorical premise

Answer 7

relates two categories or classes
All A are B, all B are C, therefore all A are C

Question 8

disjunctive premise

Answer 8

presents alternatives or options
A or B, not A, therefore B

Question 9

hypothetical premise

Answer 9

states a conditional relationship
if A then B, if B then C, therefore A then C

Question 10

probabilistic premise

Answer 10

based on probability or likelihood

Question 11

inductive premise

Answer 11

based on specific instances to draw a general conclusion

Question 12

deductive premise

Answer 12

leads necessarily to a conclusion if the premises are true

Question 13

universal premise

Answer 13

applies to all members of a category

Question 14

existential premise

Answer 14

affirms the existence of at least one instance

Question 15

anchoring and adjustment heuristic

Answer 15

people rely too heavily on the first piece of information they receive when making decisions

Question 16

base rate fallacy

Answer 16

ignoring statistical information about the general probabilities when making judgements

Question 17

overconfidence bias

Answer 17

tendency to overestimate one’s own abilities or knowledge

Question 18

validity of syllogisms

Answer 18

valid if its conclusion logically follows from its premise

ie.,
premise 1. all humans are mortal
premise 2. socrates is a human
conclusions. socrates is mortal

Question 19

believability of syllogisms

Answer 19

depends on the truthfulness of its premises

i.e.,
premise 1. all dogs can fly
premise 2. fido is a dog
conclusion. fido can fly