Chapter 9 Flashcards
Hormonal changes associated with fat cells
producing
leptin
Stimulates BLANK to increase its
production of gonadotropin-releasing
hormone (G n R H)
hypothalamus
estradiol production 8 times
higher in females
estrogen
testosterone is 20 times higher
in males
androgens
directly related to
reproduction
Primary sex characteristics
menarche
first menstrual
period
spermarche
sperm
development
other bodily changes due to hormonal increases
Hair growth, breast development, acne, deeper
voice
Secondary sex characteristics
growth of different body parts is
uneven
Asynchronicity
Earliest sign of puberty is
adolescent growth spurt
change in characteristics
of a population over time
secular trend
The cognitive stage in which people learn to think
systematically about possibilities and hypotheses
From age 11 to 15 or 20
development of abstract thinking
Piaget formal operational stage
Ability to think scientifically and apply scientific
method to cognitive task
Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning
Extent to which people use formal operations differs
Adolescents with math and science experience use it more
Individual differences
Formal operations takes different forms across cultures
depending on problems people encounter daily
Cultural differences
Capacity to think about thinking
Metacognition
difficulty distinguishing thinking about own thoughts from thinking about thoughts of others
May result in adolescent egocentrism
Belief that others are acutely aware of and attentive to one’s appearance and behavior
Leads to feelings of self-consciousness
The Imaginary Audience
Belief in one’s personal uniqueness, including sense
of invulnerability to consequences of taking risks
(texting while driving, substance use, unprotected
sex)
Personal fable
difference between skills or
tasks a person can accomplish alone and those they can do
with guidance
Zone of proximal development
degree of assistance provided in zone of
proximal development
Scaffolding
rigid rules with no explanation, and expect obedience without question or face severe
punishment. Linked to negative outcomes, although researchers say it’s not considered abuse.
Authoritarian
reasonable rules and limits to set high expectations. Parents listen to, and support, their
children’s ideas and guide them to be independent, use consistent discipline to teach their children how to
behave well and warmth to help them feel safe
Authoritative
children with Blanks parents perform worse in school
authoritarian, permissive, or neglectful
Warm, nurturing and usually have minimal or no expectations, impose limited rules on their
children. Parents allow their children to figure things out for themselves. These low levels of expectation
usually result in rare uses of discipline.
Permissive
adolescents have best academic performance, followed by Whites,
then Latinos, African Americans, and Native Americans
Asian
investigated eight domains of influence on adolescent self-image
Scholastic competence
Social acceptance
Athletic competence
Physical appearance
Job competence
Romantic appeal
Behavioral conduct
Close friendship
Susan harter
Americans value more than others
high self-esteem
have higher self-esteem than Asian Americans, Latinos, and
Native Americans
whites
Gender intensification higher in Blank cultures
traditional
Five common patterns in adolescents’ relationships with siblings
Caregiver relationship
Buddy relationship
Critical relationship
Rival relationship
Casual relationship
Biological puberty puberty
10-14
