Chapter 8 Flashcards
rises during
middle childhood
myopia
Blank is lowest during this time
BMI
Increased/Decrease
in ability in fine motor skills
increase
Fine motor skills reach adult maturity
by end of
middle childhood
Drawing becomes more BLANK as fine motor development advances
during middle childhood.
realistic
Malnutrition after age 3 does not result in BLANK deficit
cognitive or behavioral deficit`
Damage to physical and cognitive
development accumulates
middle
childhood
Developed countries have over nutrition problems
Overweight: B M I over
Obesity: B M I over
18
21
diet, television viewing, & genetics
Increase in obesity
Some evidence of prenatal exposure to antibiotics during Blank also contributes to obesity
second & third
trimesters
Obesity can lead
Can lead to social and physical consequences for children
6-9
Middle Childhood
Death rates are lower than any other time period
Middle Childhood
Asthma is highest/lowest
highest
Asthma is highest among
African Americans
a parent smoking, living in poverty, and obesity
risk factors
Increase in developed countries could be due to
hygiene hypothesis
increase in developing countries could be due to
air pollution
Most common cause of injury are
automobile accidents & bicycle accidents
Child uses mental operations to organize and
manipulate information mentally
PIAGET’S
CONCRETE OPERATIONS STAGE
Can perform conservation
Can perform classification mentally
Advances in Concrete Operations
7-11
ability to arrange things in a logical order
Seriation
Training & instruction can teach children
under age 7
Children capable of performing some tasks at an
earlier age than Piaget claimed; believed it had to occur naturally as part of
interaction with
environment
Information Processing in Middle Childhood
attention
memory
executive function
Children with difficulty maintaining attention may have
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (A D H D)
Children become more capable of selective attention-focusing only on
relevant information
Boys are over BLANK as likely to be diagnosed
twice
increased use of mnemonics
rehearsal
organization
elaboration
Understanding of how memory works increases
metamemory
Problem-solving skills
requires impulse control, focus & flexibility
EXECUTIVE FUNCTION
evaluation of cognitive abilities with intelligence tests
Psychometric approach
Most widely used Examines individual differences in cognitive development
Wechsler Intelligence Test for Children and Wechsler Adult
Intelligence Scale (W I S C)
Wechsler Intelligence Test for Children and Wechsler Adult
Intelligence Scale (W I S C) ages ?
6 to 16
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (W P P S I)
3-7
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (W A I S)
16+
Uses BLANK indexes to provide an intelligence quotient (I Q) score and compare
to median score of same ages
5
Tests nine types of intelligence
Standard intelligence tests only evaluate two: linguistic & logical-mathematical intelligence
Schools should give attention to all nine intelligences
GARDNER’S THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES
triarchic theory of intelligence
Sternberg’s Theory
After formal schooling, vocabulary
expand greatly
awareness of underlying
structure of language
metalinguistic skills
More likely to believe education success due to innate ability
More likely to see academic achievement as individual success
United States
Schools tend to reflect the collectivistic cultural beliefs
Children help maintain order and wear uniforms
Asian countries
Children spend more time learning academic subjects
School day and school year are longer
Asian countries
from simple phonics to longer sentences and structures
Most effective when first leading to read
Phonics approach
focus on meaning of written language
Whole-language approach
Even nonhumans have some numeracy
understanding of numbers
difficulty sounding out letters & spelling words
DYSLEXIA
difficulty processing numbers
DYSCALCULIA
Government mandates that special needs children receive an
individual education plan (I E P)
EMOTIONAL SELF-
REGULATION
Experience Sampling Method (E S M)
Interdependent self encourages
importance of group
Individualistic cultures
Cultural variations in self-esteem
influence parenting approaches
Collectivist cultures
How we view and evaluate ourselves
self-concept
Overall sense of worth and well being
self esteem
Gender roles defined by difference in daily activities of men and women
Gender-specific personality traits also socialized to enhance work performance
Men independent and tough
Women nurturing and compliant
Traditional cultures
Gender attitudes and behavior become more stereotyped
See personality traits and occupations as feminine or masculine
Play groups become more gender-segregated
Differing gender self-perceptions emerge
modern cultures
CHILDREN’S RESPONSE TO DIVORCE/SEPARATION
impulsive and conflicts with family
Externalizing behavior
, CHILDREN’S RESPONSE TO DIVORCE/SEPARATION
depression, anxiety, phobias, and sleep disturbances
Internalizing problems
Disruption of family systems
Perception of stepfathers interfering
Children may resent stepfathers
Children’s response to remarriage
Main basis for friendship is
similarity
prefer being
around others like ourselves
(Includes gender, sociability,
aggression, and academic
orientation)
selective association
curriculum to improve
social information processing and reduce aggressive behavior
P A T H S (Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies)
about BLANK million children employed worldwide
73rt
what most I Q tests measure
Analytical intelligence
combine information in new ways
Creative intelligence
apply information to everyday
problems
Practical intelligence
curriculum to improve
social information processing and reduce aggressive behavior
P A T H S (Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies
