Chapter 9

Question 1

MLU definition

Answer 1

A moderate predictor of the complexity of the language of English speaking young children

Question 2

MLU calculation

Answer 2

Total number of morphemes/ total number of utterances. m/u

Question 3

how to count morphemes

Answer 3

possessive morphemes and plurals=2
irregular past tense(went,ate,fell) =1
ex: mommy eat cookie= 3

Question 4

possessive

Answer 4

’s

Question 5

progressive

Answer 5

-ing

Question 6

uncontractible copula

Answer 6

am, is, are, was, were

Question 7

uncontractible auxiliary

Answer 7

am, is, are, has

Question 8

contractible copula

Answer 8

‘m ‘s ‘re

Question 9

contractible auxiliary

Answer 9

past principle ‘m, ‘s, -ing, ‘ve

Question 10

noun suffixes

Answer 10

-er ( the person who does X) derivational

Question 11

adjective suffixes

Answer 11

The comparative -er (smaller bigger colder)
the superlative-est (smallest biggest) inflectional

Question 12

noun phrase

Answer 12

elaboration occurs when children star combining words. HAS TO HAVE AT LEAST 1 NOUN

Question 13

Noun article

Answer 13

a, an, the

Question 14

Stopping

Answer 14

stops for other sounds
/d/ for / ð/, /t/ for /s/
(ex: fricative to stop)

Question 15

noun demonstratives

Answer 15

this, that, these, those

Question 16

Fronting

Answer 16

/t/ for /k/, /d/ for /g/

Question 17

noun quantifiers

Answer 17

some, a lot, two

Question 18

backing

Answer 18

/k/ for /t/, /g/ for /d/

Question 19

noun possessives

Answer 19

my, yours, daddy’s

Question 20

gliding

Answer 20

/j/ for /l/, /w/ for /r/

Question 21

noun adjectives

Answer 21

big, small, blue, soft, pretty, tall, short

Question 22

epenthesis

Answer 22

an insertion of a sound

Question 23

post noun modification

Answer 23

that THERE, toy IN THE BOX

Question 24

final consonant deletion (FCD)

Answer 24

cup /kʌ/ ball /ba/

Question 25

initial consonant deletion (ICD)

Answer 25

-cup /ʌp/ ball /al/

Question 26

transitive

Answer 26

verbs can be changed from active to passive to take direct objects ex: I opened the door

Question 27

reduplication

Answer 27

water /wawa/

Question 28

intransitive

Answer 28

verbs cannot be changed to passive voice ex: the door opened

Question 29

unstressed syllable deletion

Answer 29

child deletes one or more syllables from a multisyllabic word

Question 30

consonant cluster reduction

Answer 30

two of three consonants get removed from a word

Question 31

active

Answer 31

Mary sent a letter

Question 32

passive

Answer 32

A letter was sent by mary

Question 33

Some sounds are acquired early, others are acquired late

Answer 33

-vowels before consonants -nasals, stops and glides before others -sounds are first acquired in the initial position

Question 34

Modal auxiliary

Answer 34

will, shall, can, may, must

Question 35

conjoining:

Answer 35

two clauses joined by conjunctions (ex: i like it AND she likes it too. I like it BECAUSE she likes it)

Question 36

preposition

Answer 36

AT my school IN the box

Question 37

conjunctions:

Answer 37

because, if, after, until, before, when, ...

Question 38

relative clauses:

Answer 38

subordinating clauses that follow and modify nouns (the woman WHO LIVES HERE likes dogs. this is the toy THAT I WANT)

Question 39

participle

Answer 39

functions as an adjective a brokEN bicycle the boy RIDING the bicycle

Question 40

embedded wh-complements

Answer 40

a wh-subordinate clause fills the object function. (I know WHO DID IT. She knows WHERE HE PUT IT.)

Question 41

object noun-phrase complements

Answer 41

a subordinate clause serves as the object of the main clause.

Question 42

greund

Answer 42

functions as a noun always ends in -ing SKIING is fun. she likes COOKING

Question 43

subordinate clauses:

Answer 43

functions as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs in support of the main clause.

Question 44

infinitive

Answer 44

i wanted TO DO it.

Question 45

embedding:

Answer 45

a phrase or clause becomes a grammatical element of a sentence (The dog IN MY NEIGHBOR'S HOUSE is big. = phrase) (The dog THAT LIVES NEXT DOOR is big. = clause)

Question 46

tense

Answer 46

present, past, future

Question 47

phrase:

Answer 47

a group of words that does not include a subject and a predicate (verb)

Question 48

clause:

Answer 48

a group of words that include a subject and a predicate (verb)

Question 49

simple sentence:

Answer 49

one clause

Question 50

aspect

Answer 50

continuing, completion

Question 51

negative sentences five types

Answer 51

-not, n't attached to the verb: I can't do it. -nobody, nothing: nobody likes it. -no before nouns: I have no cookies. -negative adverbs: I've never done it before -negative prefixes: un-, dis-, non-

Question 52

imperative sentences

Answer 52

requests, demands, etc. (throw the ball. give me that)

Question 53

interrogative sentences - questions

Answer 53

- one-word level: with rising intonation -what that, where ball, variation of what

Question 54

interrogative sentences - questions (three types)

Answer 54

-yes/no -wh questions -tags

Question 55

declarative sentences - statements

Answer 55

-by 30 months: subject + verb + object -by 33 months: auxiliary verbs / subject + auxiliary + verb + object