Chapter 8

Question 1

Preschool pragmatic development

Answer 1

Children learn language within: a conversation context with adults as chief convo partner

Question 2

Child conversation skills
2-year-olds:

Answer 2

are able to respond to their partner and engage in short dialogue of a few turns

Question 3

child conversation skills
3-year-olds:

Answer 3

can engage in longer dialogues.

Question 4

Child conversation skills
nearly 50% of 5-year-olds:

Answer 4

can sustain certain topics through about a dozen turns

Question 5

Register

Answer 5

different styles of speaking

Question 6

Child-directed speech (CDS)

Answer 6

children as young as 4 use a form of CDS

Question 7

Roleplay

Answer 7

children play various roles, such as mother, father, nurse, etc…

Question 8

politeness:

Answer 8

polite words (please, thank you), a softer tone of voice, indirect request
(ex: can I have a cookie?)

Question 9

Topic

Answer 9

what we talk about (the content).
(age 2: children can maintain a topic in 2 utterances- question/answer)

Question 10

presuppositions

Answer 10

assumptions about the listener’s knowledge.
(form of address is based on presuppositions)

Question 11

form of address

Answer 11

how you call/address someone

Question 12

Indirect requests

Answer 12

could you, would you

Question 13

direct requests

Answer 13

stop that, answer the phone

Question 14

deixis/deictic terms

Answer 14

denotes times and participants from the speaker’s point of view
(ex: here, there, this, that, pronouns)

Question 15

Narratives
Oral narratives:

Answer 15

uninterrupted stream of language

Question 16

centering

Answer 16

linking of entities to form a story nucleus.

Question 17

chaining

Answer 17

a sequence of events

Question 18

temporal event chains:

Answer 18

-the next day…
-a year later…
(timeskips)
(emerges between ages 3 and 5)

Question 19

casual chains (one event causes another)

Answer 19

-he went outside because…
-she didn’t like is, so she gave it to her dog.
(infrequent until age 5)

Question 20

narratives
2-year-olds:

Answer 20

-stories are organized by centering
-consider the listener only minimally

Question 21

narratives
3-year-olds:

Answer 21

-can use both centering and chaining

Question 22

fast-mapping strategy

Answer 22

children learn a connection between a word and its referent after only one exposure (tentative definition)

Question 23

Interrogatives (questions)
Strategy 1:

Answer 23

If you understand the WH question
(WHEN are you going to eat? = yesterday (OR tomorrow, OR at 6…))

Question 24

interrogatives (questions)
Strategy 2:

Answer 24

If you don’t understand/hear the WH question, so you base answer off of the verb.
(WHEN are you going to eat? = a cookie(OR cheerios, OR candy…))

Question 25

Temporal terms:

Answer 25

before, after, when, since, while (prepositions BEFORE subordinating)

Question 26

Physical relations

Answer 26

-child learns the positives first (big/little, thick/thin) -less specific terms are usually learned first (big/little or deep/shallow)

Question 27

locational prepositions

Answer 27

-in, on, under, etc. - words that indicate locations -24 months: in, on

Question 28

Prepositions are:

Answer 28

syntax IN the room, ON the table

Question 29

verb particles:

Answer 29

in a multiword grammatical unit (ex: take OFF, stand UP) (ex: throw UP, throw OUT, throw IN)

Question 30

kinship terms

Answer 30

-children treat kinship terms as part of the person's name -then, some features of the definition of the person but not of the relationship (cousins are people you play with, and who live far away)

Question 31

Pronouns Subjective

Answer 31

I, she, he, they, we

Question 32

Pronouns objective

Answer 32

me, her, him, them, us