Ch. 1 Flashcards
Communication
the process participants use to exchange information and ideas, needs and desires. (not necessarily through fixed symbols and rules)
Speech
A verbal means of communicating (Other ways: writing, drawing, and manual signing)
Language
Socially shared code or conventional system for representing concepts through the use of arbitrary symbols and rule-governed combinations of those symbols.
Dialects
Varieties of ‘language’ (use similar but not identical rules)
Paralinguistic mechanisms
they convey different emotions, feelings, etc. (loudness, pitch, etc.)
Nonlinguistic cues
gestures, facial expressions, body language
Metalinguistic skills
the abilities to think about language (counting words in a sentence, counting syllables in their name)
extralinguistic elements
-Paralinguistic mechanisms
-nonlinguistic cues
-metalinguistic skills
Generative system
language is a productive and creative tool
Components of language
-form (syntax, morphology, phonology)
-content (semantics)
-use (pragmatics)
syntax
rules specify word, phrase and clause order, sentence organization and relationships between words, word classes, other sentence elements.
Morphology
the internal organization of words (smallest (meaningful) grammatical unit
free morpheme
do not need to be attached to anything
bound morpheme
needs to be attached (e.g., -s or -ed at the end of the word) (inflectional or derivational)
Derivational morphemes
change whole classes of words (both prefix and suffix) (noun to verb, verb to adj., etc.)
inflectional morpheme
do not change a word’s part of speech, add grammatical info about number (singular/plural), tense, person (first, second, third), comparison
phonology
the aspect of language concerned with the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables
phonemes
the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning
semantics
a system of rules governing the meaning of content of words. (word knowledge)
pragmatics
the way language is used to communicate (how much, when, to whom)
synonyms
similar meanings
anyonyms
words that differ only in the opposite value
direct vs. indirect
-Give me water! (direct)
-Can you give me some water? (indirect)
literal vs. nonliteral
-You look great! (literal)
-Thank you for giving me more work! (nonliteral)
