Appendix C Flashcards
The newborns
unable to control motor behavior smoothly and voluntarily
Reflexes
automatic, involuntary motor patterns (sucking, gagging)
reflexive sounds
sounds associated with reflexive movements.
Quasi-resonant nuclei (QRN)
vowel-like sounds with brief consonantal elements (but not full consonants or vowels)
infants
can distinguish different (speech) sounds. (mainly speech perception, not speech production)
2 months
cooing, QRN with back consonants (/k g h/) and middle/back vowel sounds with incomplete resonance
3 months
laughs and giggles
5-6 months
fully resonant nuclei
fully resonant nuclei (FRN)
fully resonated, vowel-like sounds similar to /a/ (labial sounds predominate)
7-12 months
Regardless of the target language, vocalization and first words have similar patterns. (all babbling) (stops, nasals and glides are produced early)
babbling
strings of sounds infants produce - sound syllable units (CV) or longer
reduplicated babbling
CV (consonant-vowel) syllable repetitions (e.g., ma-ma-ma-ma)
variegated babbling
long strings of non-identical syllables (e.g., ba-wa-wa-ma)
exholalia
immediate imitation of some other speaker
Phonetically consistent forms (PCF)
functions as words for the infant, but not based on adult forms (also called “protowords”)
first “true” words
first meaningful words, often different from the target in both phonetic form and meaning, some “resemblance”
Examples of PCF
-nikuk (2;2) for yogurt
-achana (2;0) for elephant
/pi/ for please (1;5)
WORD
Target: /pliz/
-consonant cluster reduction
-final consonant deletion
/tsatsa/ for drink (1;5)
PCF
/do/ for go
WORD
-fronting
