Appendix C

Question 1

The newborns

Answer 1

unable to control motor behavior smoothly and voluntarily

Question 2

Reflexes

Answer 2

automatic, involuntary motor patterns (sucking, gagging)

Question 3

reflexive sounds

Answer 3

sounds associated with reflexive movements.

Question 4

Quasi-resonant nuclei (QRN)

Answer 4

vowel-like sounds with brief consonantal elements (but not full consonants or vowels)

Question 5

infants

Answer 5

can distinguish different (speech) sounds. (mainly speech perception, not speech production)

Question 6

2 months

Answer 6

cooing, QRN with back consonants (/k g h/) and middle/back vowel sounds with incomplete resonance

Question 7

3 months

Answer 7

laughs and giggles

Question 8

5-6 months

Answer 8

fully resonant nuclei

Question 9

fully resonant nuclei (FRN)

Answer 9

fully resonated, vowel-like sounds similar to /a/ (labial sounds predominate)

Question 10

7-12 months

Answer 10

Regardless of the target language, vocalization and first words have similar patterns. (all babbling) (stops, nasals and glides are produced early)

Question 11

babbling

Answer 11

strings of sounds infants produce - sound syllable units (CV) or longer

Question 12

reduplicated babbling

Answer 12

CV (consonant-vowel) syllable repetitions (e.g., ma-ma-ma-ma)

Question 13

variegated babbling

Answer 13

long strings of non-identical syllables (e.g., ba-wa-wa-ma)

Question 14

exholalia

Answer 14

immediate imitation of some other speaker

Question 15

Phonetically consistent forms (PCF)

Answer 15

functions as words for the infant, but not based on adult forms (also called “protowords”)

Question 16

first “true” words

Answer 16

first meaningful words, often different from the target in both phonetic form and meaning, some “resemblance”

Question 17

Examples of PCF

Answer 17

-nikuk (2;2) for yogurt
-achana (2;0) for elephant

Question 18

/pi/ for please (1;5)

Answer 18

WORD
Target: /pliz/
-consonant cluster reduction
-final consonant deletion

Question 19

/tsatsa/ for drink (1;5)

Answer 19

PCF

Question 20

/do/ for go

Answer 20

WORD
-fronting