Chapter 9 Flashcards
Psychometric approach
Intelligence
Trait or set of traits that characterizes some people to agreater extent than others
Spawned the devleopment of standardized tests
Fluid intelliegence
- Ability to use your mind actively to solve novel probnlems
- represent raw information processing power
extracting patterns in a serie
Crystallized intelliegence
Acquired through schooling and other life experiences
Knowledge of the world or vocabulary
Mechanics(Fluid)
Basic information processing
- Content-poor universal, biological genertically predisposed
Pragmatics(crystallized)
Acquired knowledge
- Content-rich
- Cultured dependent
- experience based
Psychometric View of intelligence as a hierarchy
1st tier: General ability factor,g(IQ)
2nd tier: broad dimensions(Tests multiple items)
3rd tier: Specific abilities
Broad dimensions: Fluid and crystallized intelligence, memory capacity
Specific abilities: Task-specific performance
Controversial of intelligence tests
- Underestimate intellectual functioining of people who do not identify with dominant culture in their region
- IQ isn’t necessary(Overlap theory)
Culture-fair test are developed, but tend to test fluid intelligence over crtsyallized intelligence
Overlap theory: Overlap skills needed to complete different task can give rise to something that looks like g but isn’t because of general intelligence
Gardener’s Theory
Rejects IQ scores as measure of human intelligence
Aruges for eight intelligences
Critiques of Gardener’s Theory
Very little/no published work to support this theory
Learning and Memory for information in the preferred format doesn’t result in better learning
Think of these more as preferences than intelligence
Strenberg’ Triarachic Theory
- Creative intelligence
- Practical intelligence(Street smart)
- Analytic intelligence(mental processess)
Very hard to test. Probably based on the context. Little published work
Creativity
Ability to produce novel responses appropriate in context and valued by others
Don’t correlate very well with IQ scores
Convergent thinking
Coming up with one answer
IQ tests
Divergent thinking
Coming up with multiple answers
Creativity
Bayley Scales
Measure infant intelligence
- Motor Scale(Grasp objects)
- Cognitive scale(Follow directions)
- Language scale(Communications skills)
General Adaptive Composite(GAC)
Summarizes how well the infant performs in comparison with a large norm group
Correlations between infant GAC and IQ are low
- Maturational forces
Factors that influence IQ scores
Strong relationsip between early and later IQ from around 4 yrs
Influenced by
- Motivation
- Testing procedures
- Culture
- Intelligence
- Poverty
Cumulative deficit hypothesis
Improverished environments inhibits intellectual growth
Flynn effect
Phenomenon over the 20th century: average IQ scores have increased in all countries studied
In US increase 3 - 4 IQ points per decade
Due to: Better education, improved nutrition and living conditions
IQ and School achievement
Correlations between IQ and achievement: 0.5 - 0.86
- One of the best predictor
IQ scores doesn’t predict college grades where motivation plays a huge role
Creativity in childhood
- High level of divergent until third grade
- Decline after 5th grade
- Sharp decline of originality of ideas begins around 6th grade
IQ and Aging(Woodruff-pak)
1988 1989
Phase 1:IQ undergo a steep and inevitable decline starting in 20s. Cross-sectional research dominats
Phase2:Some components of IQ remain stable in again whereas other decline.(Move toward longitudinal reserach
Phase 3:Investigation of intraindividual change in IQ over time. Modifer of IQ
Phase 4:New ways to think about and measure intelligence.
Selectional bias for phase 2
IQ scores and Oocupational Achievement
Professional score higher on IQ Test > White-collar workers > Blue-collar workers
Higher intelligence and lower intelligence wdened over course of career
IQ and Health in Adulthood
Higher IQ scores tend to be healthier and live longer
Might be partly due to SES and monitoring health -related behaviors
IQ in Older Adulthood
IQ remains relatively stable
No correlation between wisdom and age
Strongest predictor of intelligence in old age is intelligence earlier in life
Creativity in Adulthood
Creative increases from 20s to early 40s, then declines
Peaks times vary
Humanities scaolars peak in 60s
Arts peask in 30s and 40s
Aha moment
Conception by John Cios
a sudden creative insight
Genetic and Envrionmental influences on IQ
- Reserachers find that about half of the varition in IQ scores is assocated with genetic differences
- Genertice influence does not mean intelligence is unresponsive to environment
Mother’s IQ is associated with children’s IQ(about 50%) than Father’s IQ
Stereotype Threat
Fear that one will be judged to have the qualities associated with negative stereotypes
Saying your asian = better math scores
Saying your a girl = Bad math scores
Intellectual Disability
IQ score of 70 - 75 or lower
Significantly below-average intellectual functioning with limiations in areas of adaptive behavior before age 18
Adaptive behavior such as self-care and social skills
3% are classified with intellectual disability
Giftedness
High IQ or showing special abilities in areas valued in society(Above 130 or 2 Sd)
- High curious and movtivated to learn and displayed advance language skill
