Chapter 9

Question 1

Psychometric approach

Intelligence

Answer 1

Trait or set of traits that characterizes some people to agreater extent than others

Spawned the devleopment of standardized tests

Question 2

Fluid intelliegence

Answer 2

• Ability to use your mind actively to solve novel probnlems
• represent raw information processing power

extracting patterns in a serie

Question 3

Crystallized intelliegence

Answer 3

Acquired through schooling and other life experiences

Knowledge of the world or vocabulary

Question 4

Mechanics(Fluid)

Answer 4

Basic information processing
- Content-poor universal, biological genertically predisposed

Question 5

Pragmatics(crystallized)

Answer 5

Acquired knowledge
- Content-rich
- Cultured dependent
- experience based

Question 6

Psychometric View of intelligence as a hierarchy

Answer 6

1st tier: General ability factor,g(IQ)
2nd tier: broad dimensions(Tests multiple items)
3rd tier: Specific abilities

Broad dimensions: Fluid and crystallized intelligence, memory capacity
Specific abilities: Task-specific performance

Question 7

Controversial of intelligence tests

Answer 7

• Underestimate intellectual functioining of people who do not identify with dominant culture in their region
• IQ isn’t necessary(Overlap theory)

Culture-fair test are developed, but tend to test fluid intelligence over crtsyallized intelligence
Overlap theory: Overlap skills needed to complete different task can give rise to something that looks like g but isn’t because of general intelligence

Question 8

Gardener’s Theory

Answer 8

Rejects IQ scores as measure of human intelligence
Aruges for eight intelligences

Question 9

Critiques of Gardener’s Theory

Answer 9

Very little/no published work to support this theory

Learning and Memory for information in the preferred format doesn’t result in better learning
Think of these more as preferences than intelligence

Question 10

Strenberg’ Triarachic Theory

Answer 10

• Creative intelligence
• Practical intelligence(Street smart)
• Analytic intelligence(mental processess)

Very hard to test. Probably based on the context. Little published work

Question 11

Creativity

Answer 11

Ability to produce novel responses appropriate in context and valued by others

Don’t correlate very well with IQ scores

Question 12

Convergent thinking

Answer 12

Coming up with one answer

IQ tests

Question 13

Divergent thinking

Answer 13

Coming up with multiple answers

Creativity

Question 14

Bayley Scales

Answer 14

Measure infant intelligence
- Motor Scale(Grasp objects)
- Cognitive scale(Follow directions)
- Language scale(Communications skills)

Question 15

General Adaptive Composite(GAC)

Answer 15

Summarizes how well the infant performs in comparison with a large norm group

Correlations between infant GAC and IQ are low
- Maturational forces

Question 16

Factors that influence IQ scores

Strong relationsip between early and later IQ from around 4 yrs

Answer 16

Influenced by
- Motivation
- Testing procedures
- Culture
- Intelligence
- Poverty

Question 17

Cumulative deficit hypothesis

Answer 17

Improverished environments inhibits intellectual growth

Question 18

Flynn effect

Answer 18

Phenomenon over the 20th century: average IQ scores have increased in all countries studied

In US increase 3 - 4 IQ points per decade
Due to: Better education, improved nutrition and living conditions

Question 19

IQ and School achievement

Answer 19

Correlations between IQ and achievement: 0.5 - 0.86
- One of the best predictor

IQ scores doesn’t predict college grades where motivation plays a huge role

Question 20

Creativity in childhood

Answer 20

• High level of divergent until third grade
• Decline after 5th grade
• Sharp decline of originality of ideas begins around 6th grade

Question 21

IQ and Aging(Woodruff-pak)

1988 1989

Answer 21

Phase 1:IQ undergo a steep and inevitable decline starting in 20s. Cross-sectional research dominats
Phase2:Some components of IQ remain stable in again whereas other decline.(Move toward longitudinal reserach
Phase 3:Investigation of intraindividual change in IQ over time. Modifer of IQ
Phase 4:New ways to think about and measure intelligence.

Selectional bias for phase 2

Question 22

IQ scores and Oocupational Achievement

Answer 22

Professional score higher on IQ Test > White-collar workers > Blue-collar workers

Higher intelligence and lower intelligence wdened over course of career

Question 23

IQ and Health in Adulthood

Answer 23

Higher IQ scores tend to be healthier and live longer

Might be partly due to SES and monitoring health -related behaviors

Question 24

IQ in Older Adulthood

Answer 24

IQ remains relatively stable
No correlation between wisdom and age

Strongest predictor of intelligence in old age is intelligence earlier in life

Question 25

Creativity in Adulthood

Answer 25

Creative increases from 20s to early 40s, then declines

Peaks times vary
Humanities scaolars peak in 60s
Arts peask in 30s and 40s

Question 26

Aha moment

Conception by John Cios

Answer 26

a sudden creative insight

Question 27

Genetic and Envrionmental influences on IQ

Answer 27

• Reserachers find that about half of the varition in IQ scores is assocated with genetic differences
• Genertice influence does not mean intelligence is unresponsive to environment

Mother’s IQ is associated with children’s IQ(about 50%) than Father’s IQ

Question 28

Stereotype Threat

Answer 28

Fear that one will be judged to have the qualities associated with negative stereotypes

Saying your asian = better math scores
Saying your a girl = Bad math scores

Question 29

Intellectual Disability

Answer 29

IQ score of 70 - 75 or lower
Significantly below-average intellectual functioning with limiations in areas of adaptive behavior before age 18

Adaptive behavior such as self-care and social skills
3% are classified with intellectual disability

Question 30

Giftedness

Answer 30

High IQ or showing special abilities in areas valued in society(Above 130 or 2 Sd)
- High curious and movtivated to learn and displayed advance language skill