Chapter 4 Flashcards
Rijken(2009)
Potential parents report little deliberation about timing of child bearing, career-oriented people tend to not to actively choose to postpone childbearing
Deliberation begins when parents are ready to start
50% are planned
The decision to remain childless
- Active choice or happen more passively
- Couples w/o children report higher marital satisfaction, more freedom and higher standards of living
Cost of childrearing
-Cost reduce by the 3rd child
Slightly higher cost for single child
Average expense: $292k
-important to consider when having a child
conception
Occurs when sperm and egg unite
(Zygote)
One in four can’t have conception
Infertility
Not being able to get pregnant after a year of trying
Equal likely to be traced to man and woman
Fertility treatment
Prescrption drugs to stimulate follicular in the females, artificial insemination, and IVF
IVF cost around 12k - 15k
40% in women under 35, 5% success rate in women between 43 - 44
Happy with the treatment even if they don’t get pregnant
Prenatal Development
Germinal Period
- First two weeek of pregnancy
- 8% - 50% of pregencies result in miscarriage during this period
- Zygote becomes blastocyst(150 cells)
Prenatal Development
Embryonic period
- Organ system development
- 3rd to 8th week of pregnancy
- Organogensis and cell differentation begin to take place
Early brain development occur between 18-26 days after conception
Sex differentation
begins during the 7th and 8th weeks of gestation.
The testes secrete testosterone, develops male reporductive system. Absence of this hormones, the embryo devleop a female reproductive system.
prenatal development
Fatal period
- Brain development
- 9th week to birth
- Proliferation (lots of cells form)
- migration (moves to their respected place)
- differentiation (cell change into particular type)
Amniocentesis(15 - 20 weeks)
A test that checks for defects, genetic conditions
Prenatal evnironmental
Fetal programming
Environmental events and maternal conditions during pregnancy may alter genetic expression of embryo
1st gen smoking affects 2nd and 3rd generation baby
Terateogen
Any disease, drugs, or agent that harm a developing feteus
15% new borns experience mild effects, 3% experience significant
Effects are worse during sensitive period( 3 -12 weeks)
Common Teratogens
Drugs
Tobacco —-> Misscarriage
Alcohol —-> ADHD
Chemo Drugs —-> attacks cells directly
Common Teratogens
Dieases and infections
Gestational diabetes —-> Premature birth
AIDS/HIV —-> New born has the disease
Exposure to Rubella —–> Vision or hearing defects
Common Teratogens
Envrionmental
Radiation —> higher chnace of develping cancer
Pollutions —-> cognitive difficulty
Common teratogens
Stress
May stunt fatal growth
Associated with more irritability anxiety new borns
Affects female more than male
Common teratogens
Depression
Preterm delivery and motor delays in new born
Prenatal Nurition
Severe malnutrition during pregancy result in small, underweight newborns
Folate deficiency
Neural tube defects
US and Canada have/forced enrich cereal with folate to decline neural tube defects
Perinatal environmental
Environment surrounds the birthing process including durgs given during labor and social environmental following birth
3 stages of childbirth
- Mother experiences regular contractions( no rush to hospital)
- Delivery of the child(“Main act”)
- Delivery of the placenta
Hazards of childbirth
Anoxia
Loss of oxygen supply to the fetus
Harzards of childbirth
C- section
sometimes not planned which can lead to more stress
postpartum depression
Feeling tearful, moody, and anxious in the first few days after birth, becomes clinical deprssion after 2 weeks
affects 15 - 20%
Low birth weight
Greater risk for blindess, deafness, autism, respiratoy problems
Can benefit from mother’s milk, skin to skin contact
Apgar Test
Quickly access the how well is the child
Scores of 7 or higher are desirable
Scores of 4 or lower are at risk
They look at Heart rate, respiractory effort, muscle tones, color, reflex irritability
Kauai(Hawaii)
Reserached showed that 1/3 of children identifiied as at-risk for developmental issues showed resilience
Depends on the enviornment and personal resources
Highest fetal death rates
14 years of age or younger
