Chapter 5 Flashcards
Neurons
Dentrites (where info travels)
Cell body
Axon
Synapse (connects to the dentrites)
100 billions
Myelin
Fat substance around axon
speeds up transmission of neural messages
associated with white matter
Myelination
Increase speed of transmitted between neurons
Parietal lobe
Spatial awareness
Occipital lobe
process visual simulates
Temperal lobe
Audio process, long term memory
Frontal lobe
decision making
Cerebellum
govern basic functions, second brain
Synatogensis(infant)
Growth of synapses
Synaptic pruning
removal of uncessary synapses
Cortical conncectivity
Brain use local, well-pruned connections extensive
short local connections are cheaper than long ones
Principle of growth
Cephalocadual principle
growth occurs in a head to tail direction
Principle of growth
Proximodistal principle
Growth and development of body begins from the center and moves outward to the extremities
Gross motor skills develop before fine motor skill
Principle of growth
Orthogenetic principle
Development starts gobally and undifferentiated
moves toward increasily differentiation and hierarchical integrations( migration)
Simple to complex
reflex
unlearned involuntary response to simulus
Survival reflex
permanent reflex
eye blinking, breathing reflex
primitive reflex
reflex present in early development but disappear as age
graping reflex, swimming reflex
Infant mortality
35% due to premature birth
25% due to labor and delivery
25% due to infections
Congenital malfunctions
Defects present at birth
Due to genetic or prenatal events
Leading cause of death: heart disease, down syndrome, spina bifida
Cerebral laterlaization
two hemipsheres are specialized for different modes of processing
Can’t be left brain or right brain since brain uses a lot of energy
Left: Analytical, control right side, language
Right: Space, motor, emotional, control left side
Physical behavior
Toddlers
Capable of controlling their movements in relation to a stationary world
Phsyical behavior
Children
Master the ability to move capably in a changing envrionment
Adolescent brain development
Grey matter(Made up of cell bodies)
Increases, peaks, and decrease throughout the teen years
Adolsecent brain development
White matter (Made up of clusters of axons)
Increases linearly
Endocrine system
Pituitary gland
(Most important gland in the brain)
Controlled by the hypothalamus
produces growth hormone
Endocrine system
Thyroid Gland
Throid deficiency during pregnancy can negative impact brain devleopment
Gland that’s in the throat
Endocrine System
Plays role in regulating male and female hormones
Simulate productions of growth hormones -> physical maturation
Sexual Maturation(Tanner scale)
Adrenarche
Circulation of adrenal hormones
Contributes to secondary sex characteristics(pubic and underarm hair)
Sexual Maturation(Tanner scale)
Menarche
First menstruation typically ages between 11 - 15
Early today than before due to environment and nutritions
Sexual Maturation(Tanner scale)
Semenarche
Boy’s first ejaculation around age 13
Traumatic Brain Injury(TBI)
Concussion
Brief loss of brain function due to a hit or blow to the head
Symptoms include: Headache, Sensitivty to light and sounds, feeling dizzy, slow reaction time
Chronic Traumatic Ecenphalopathy(CTE)
A progressive degnerative brain disease that occurs as a consequence of reptitive mild TBI
Brain actually starts to shrink
Symptoms: Implusivity, aggression, depression, short-term memory loss,
Symptoms typically begin 8 - 10 years after repetitive TBI
Theories of aging
Progammed theories of aging
Emphasize the systematic genetic control of aging processes
Max lifespan relate to decrease in telomere(things at the end of cells)
Theories of aging
Random error theories of aging
Call attention to more haphazard process that cause errors in cells to accumulate and organ systems to deteriorate
Gradually deteriorate of the cells
Exposure to free radical
Reproductive system in adulthood
Perimenopause
Genital organ change begins in the 40s
Reproductive system in adulthood
Menopause
End of female reproductive system
Reproductive system in adulthood
Andropause
Reduction of libeo, decline in testosterone
Mark of male genetial change
Premenstrual Syndrome
Caused by fluctuations in estrogens and progesterone levels
Changes in hormones during menstrual cycle
Symptoms include: Bloating, headache, moodiness, breast tenderness
Premenstrual dysphoric Disorder
affects 2% - 3% of women
Includes affective symptoms in addition to the physical symptoms assoicated with menstruation
Severe form of PMS
Osteoarthritis
Wear and tear disease
(curved spine)
Leading cause of bone loss
Rheumatoid arthritis
Destructive joint disease that devleops suddenly
Ways to combat bone loss
- high diet in calcium and Vitamin D
- No smoking and avoid second hand smoke
- Weight exercise
Cardiovascular disease
- Heart attack
- Stiffen of arteries
- Stroke
- High blood pressure
- Congestive heart failure( most common)
Emphysema
Destruction of the membranes around the air sacs in the lungs
82% caused by smoking
Chronic bronchitis
Common with people over 45, exposure to dust, fumes, and air pollutions
Age-related changes in Neurons
- Size and number of dentrites decreases
- number of synapses decrease
- tangles develop in axon fibers
Age-related changes in Neurotransmitters
- Declining levels of dopamine -> poorer memory and performance on task that require fast processing
- Seotonin and acetylcholine decline with age
Age related changes in brain strucutures
- White matter are less well organized
- Myelin loss
- Grey matter volume shrinks
