Chapter 6 Flashcards
Sensation
Process by which senosry receptor neurons detect information transmit it to the brain
Perception
The interpretation of sensory input(recognizing the information)
Constructivist (side of nuture)
Perceptions are consturcted through learning
Nativist(side of nature)
Innate capabilities and maturational drive perceptual development
Perception doesn’t require interpretation
Gibson’s Ecolgoical Theory of perception
Nature vs Nuture are inseparable
Perception drives action
how does babies sense and perceive
Hibituation paradigm
Same stimulus —> eventually the baby will lose interest in object
How does babies sense and perceive
Preferenatial paradigm
Two stimulus against each other, which one the baby looks at longer
How does babies sense and perceive
EEG
records the brain activtiy of the baby while there’s a simulus
Vision
Eyes takes in stimulation in form of light, converts information to signals that’s sent to the brain, brain interpret the signal
Infant’s visual attention
Patterns with large contour attracts attention
Displays that are dynamic
Patterns that are moderately complex
High complex is too much for baby
Likes to look new things over old things
infant auditory recognition
look longer at the source of familiar sounds compared to novel(Stranger) sounds
6 months = universal listener
10 months = stops being the universal listener
Face process infants
1 month old focus on top of the head
2 month focus more on the central of the face( more information)
Infants’ depth perception
Infants of crawling age can clearly perceive depth
Not born with
Demonstrated by visual cliff experiement
Infant hearing
Hearing is more develop than vision at birth,
localize hearing
Look towards soft sounds, but look away from loud sounds
Conjugating reinforcement technique
testing of the long term memory and perceptual information
child’s foot attracted to a ribbon on the crib
Infants
Taste and smell(Chemical Sense)
Babies can distinguish sweet, bitter, and sour
Sense of smell is well developed at birth
Different kinds of food = less picky eater(between 4 -6 months)
Exposure to fimiliar scent = calming
Infant body sense(somaesthetic)
Touch, temperature, pain, and kinethetic sense
Pretty well developed at birth
Unable to regulate body temperature
Childhood
Locomotion
allows the children to move from one place to another
Develop gross motor skills before fine motor skils
When does Infant engage in rhythmic stereotypes behavior
Before a new motor skill emerges, but not after
Rocking, swaying, banging arms up and down
Dynamic systems Theory
Developments take place over time through a “self-organizing” process
Use senosry feedback when trying different movements to modify their motor behvaior
Cross-modal perception
Increases across childhood, Recognize through one sense an object familiar through another
Recognizing an object through mulitple senses
Orienting system
Reacts to the events in the environment
Focusing system
Deliberately seeks out and maintains attention to events
Adolescent attention
Longer than children
Increased myelination of the brain that help regulate attention
Become more efficient at ignoring irrelevant information
Not good at multitasking, those who said they are confident in multitasking can’t see their own mistakes(Overfident bias)
Hearing in adolescence
Exposure to sounds above 75 decibels can damage hearing
Tinnitus
Ringing sound in your ears after noise exposure
Already damaged your hearing
Taste in adolescents
Slight decline in preference for sweets
Increase sensitivity to and liking of sour taste
Smell in adolescents
Women has greater sensitivity than men to odors
Fertile women and men may use odor part of their criteria for mates
Age-related Visual changes
Pupil
Less reponsive to changes in light
Age-related Visual changes
Lens
Catatact: Cloudiness of the lens
Presbyopia: Thickening of the lens
Age-related Visual changes
Retina
Age-realted macular degneration(AMD): loss of central vision
Retinitis pigementosa: loss of peripheral vision
Age-related Visual changes
Eyeball
Glaucoma: Increased fluid pressure in the eyeball
Loss of periperal visoin and eventually all vision
Older adults
Attention and visual search
Older adults have greatest difficulties in processing visual information when situation is novel and when it is complex
Changes in chemical senses in adulthood
Chemical senes are taste and smell
General decline in sensitivity to taste
Ability to perceive odors declines with age
bad odor are easier to detect than pleasant ones
Male show greater decline than female, Food becomes tasteless to adults -> greater use of salt
Age-related
Changes in somesthetic senses
Detection threshold for touch increases and sensitivity is gradually lost from childhood
Requires a firmer touch
Age-related
Hearing
Hearing impariment is 3 times as prevalent as visual impairment
Loss due to high-frequency, after age 50 low-frequency is lost
Speech perception in older adulthood
More difficulty understanding conversation due to decline in aduitory sensitvity and cognitive
Uses semantic context to help “fill in the gaps” when they can’t hear
Greater vocabulary
Temporal resolution
Ability to detect and maintain the ordering of rapidly arriving sounds
Spectral resolution
Isolation and discrimination of the frequency components of complex signals
Filter out surrounding sounds and focusing on the conversation
Contextual support
Helps older adult “fill in the gaps”
