Chapter 9

Question 1

marriage beneift

Answer 1

married people fare better than unmarried people do on various indicators of well being

Question 2

communal relationships

Answer 2

individuals feel a special responsibility for one another and often expect their relationship to be long term

Question 3

Exchange relationships:

Answer 3

trade based and often short term, individuals feel no responsibility for one another well being

Answer 4

Giving and receiving are governed by concerns about equity (you get what you put into the relationship) and reciprocity (what you receive from your partner is about equal to what you give to your partner)

Question 5

Social exchange theory:

Answer 5

humans wanting to maximize their own satisfaction, seek out rewards in their interactions with other and are willing to pay certain costs to obtain those rewards

Question 6

Reward principle

Answer 6

People gravitate toward those who provide rewards, people tend to like other people who make them feel good

Question 7

Social exchange theory details how people rely on standards to evaluate the rewards and costs of different relationships

Answer 7

comparison level-the expectations people have about what they should get out of a relationship

comparison level for alternatives- reflects the outcomes people think they can get out of alternative relationships

Question 8

equity theory-

Answer 8

helps us understand how the combination of too many rewards and too few costs in a relationship can be unattractive, it simply feels unfair

~People are motivated to pursue fairness/equity in relationships such that the ratio of reward to costs is similar for both partners

Question 9

Attachment theory was first advanced by john bowlby stating that our early attachment with our parents shape our relationships for the rest of our lives

Question 10

Internal working models

Answer 10

self reflect people’s availability, warmth, and ability to provide security

Question 11

attachement dimensions

Answer 11

Anxiety dimension of attachment
Avoidance dimension of attachment

Question 12

anxiety dimension of attachment

Answer 12

the amount of fear a person feels about rejection and abandonment within close relationships

Question 13

Avoidance dimension of attachment

Answer 13

refers to the degree to which a person is comfortable with intimacy and dependence in adult relationships or find them aversive

Question 14

self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 14

Attachment styles persist, attachment related expectations of relationship partners can create a self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 15

Attachment styles are somewhat stable over our life, but there is room for flexibility and change

Answer 15

1)studies reveal that people can adapt their attachment style to different relationships

2)it is increasingly evident that even within a given relationship, people can and often do change over time in their attachment style

Question 16

Proximity

Answer 16

Proximity affect who forms friendships and romantic relationships

Question 17

Westgate West study(Married student housing project)

Answer 17

Proximity leads to friendship because it facilitates chance encounters

If so, then pure physical distance should matter less than functional distance

Question 18

functional distance

Answer 18

the influence of the layout of a physical space that encourages or discourages contact between people

Question 19

The mere exposure effect

Answer 19

the more you are exposed to something the more you tend to like it

~Mere exposure effect doesnt apply to auditory stimuli or stimuli that you initially dislike

Question 20

Why does repeated exploration lead to liking?

Answer 20

People find it easier to perceive and cognitively process familiar stimuli
Repeated exposure to a stimulus with no negative consequences, we learn to associate the stimulus with the absence of anything neg and this comfortable attachment to it

Question 21

Similarity

Answer 21

Another determinant of attraction is similarity
~People who are similar in terms of social class, educational level, and religious background tend to become romantically involved with one another
~Similarity if personal characteristics also predicts romantic attraction

Question 22

Why does similarity matter

Answer 22

1)similarity leads to consensual validation-the affirmation of each individuals values and attitudes
2)Similarity enables more rewarding interactions, allows us to comfortably expand ourselves with novel experiences and with new perspectives of others

Question 23

complementarity

Answer 23

individual with different characteristics should be attracted to one another is also compelling
~Complementarity makes sense only for those traits for which one person’s needs can be met by other persons difference

Question 24

Status exchange hypothesis

Answer 24

romantic attraction increases when two individuals offer each other elevated status where they themselves are lacking

Question 25

Physical attractiveness

Answer 25

One of the most powerful determinant of interpersonal attraction is physical attractiveness

A person’s physical appearance is visible and immediately affects our gut reaction to someone we meet the first time

Question 26

Halo effect:

Answer 26

common belief that people are appealing to look at have a host of positive qualities beyond their physical appearance

Answer 27

Independent cultures such as the US, physically attractive people are assumed to be more dominant and assertive

Interdependent cultrues attractive people are thought to be more generous,senstiive, and empathetic

Question 28

The role of gender(attractivnes)

Answer 28

Attractiveness is more important in determining women’s life outcomes than mens
~Women deemed unattractive at work have more negative experiences than similarly unattractive men do

Question 29

reproductive fitness

Answer 29

Were evolved to prefer people whose physical features signify health

~the capacity to pass one’s genes on to subsequent generations

Question 30

People from different cultures and subcultures tend to converge in their assessment of who is physically attractive

Question 31

gender difference in mate preferences

Answer 31

women invest more in offspring than men

Question 32

evolutionary view

Answer 32

women need to be more selective with choice in mate
~men are expected to be more indiscriminate than women to seek short-term, sexual opportunities

Question 33

what do men want?

Answer 33

men want fertile women who can reproduce
~they value youth

Question 34

what do women want

Answer 34

women want secure mates with resources and accountable mates who can invest resources in children

Question 35

attraction to exaggerated features

Answer 35

participants like exaggerated faces to be the most attractive

Question 36

switch to social media

Answer 36

people shift where they meet romantic partners to dating apps over real life
~online dating fosters better relationships

Question 37

different types of love

Answer 37

1)companionate love-love for friends, family, people we trust, share life with
2)compassionate love-love from bonds focusing on responding to other’s needs
3)romantic love-intense emotion sexual desire

Question 38

prominent feature of romantic love:time course

Answer 38

early in romantic love, partners experience powerful, all consuming passionate feelings or sexual arousal

Question 39

gender equality and mating

Answer 39

the more gender equal a soceity is, the less women go for material worth in men

Question 40

increased amount of tiem spent together

Answer 40

sparks early passion
sense of intimacy become prominent

Answer 41

comfort and secuirty comes from sense of being close and knowing each other better

Question 42

with increased intimacy, partners

Answer 42

merge in self concept

Question 43

investment of commitment

Answer 43

3 determinants make partners more commited
1)satisfaction
2)relative absence or poor quality of alternative partners
3)investments within the relationship

Question 44

satisfaction

Answer 44

how much partner feels they get out of the relationship(strongest indicator)

~people base their commitment on the expected-future relationships satisfaction rather than correct satisfaction

Question 45

availbity of alternative partners

Answer 45

fewer options=greater sense of commitment+higher likelihood of remaining in relationships

Question 46

magnitude of couples investment into relationship

Answer 46

higher likleihood of remaining in relationship if time,effort,caring invested is greater

Question 47

perceived partner responsiveness

Answer 47

people perceive higher responsiveness from partner when they’re more satisfied and invested in their relationships

Question 48

relationships dissatisfaction

Answer 48

higher SES, more liekly to marry and have children later
higher ses more likely to divorce than low SES

Question 49

modern marriages are less satisfying than 30 years ago

Question 50

predictors of dissastification and divorce

Answer 50

1)personality(high neuroticism->less happy romantic relationships)
2)demographics(lower SES are more likely to divorce)
3)age(marriage with younger people are more likely to divorce)

Question 51

4 horseman of divorce

Answer 51

1)criticism
2)contempt
3)defensivenss
4)stonewalling