attitude

Question 1

Cognitive dissonance theory

Answer 1

inconsistencies between a person’s thoughts, sentiments, and actions create an aversive emotional state that leads to efforts to restore consistency

Question 2

Cognitive dissonance theory

Answer 2

attitude change can occur as a result of an inconsistency between attitude and behavior

Question 3

Dissonance

Answer 3

1)changing behaviors or if that’s not possible or desirable 2 )changing attitude to bring it in line with the new behavior

Question 4

Dissonance #1:induced forced compliance

Answer 4

Subtly compelling individuals to behave in a manner that is inconsistent with their beliefs, attitudes, or values, which typically leads to dissonance and to a change in their original attitudes to reduce their dissonance

Question 5

Festinger and carlsmith (1959) experiment on forced compliance

Question 6

Dissonance #2:Spread of alternatives

Answer 6

people reevaluate their chosen item more positively and their rejected item more negatively

Question 7

Go ahead, rationalize. Monkeys Do It Too!(Egan,Santos, and Bloom, 2007)

Answer 7

1)monkeys show equal preferences to 3 colors of M&M’s(red,blue,green)
2)they’re given a choice vs no choice conditions:Monkeys given option to choose Red or Blue(Chose Red, rejected blue)
3)Critical test: which one would monkeys choose?They reliably pick the novel option
If the monkeys were given blue or green, they will choose green because they rejected blue previously

Question 8

Are we satisfied with choices we can reverse or choices that are irreversible?(Gilbert & Ebert, 2002)

Answer 8

1 week later participants rated how much they liked the painting, people who could not return were more satisfied with their choice

Question 9

Dissonance #3 Effort justification

Answer 9

Tendency to reduce dissonance by rationalizing why one has devoted time, effort, or money for something that turned out to be a failure, disappointing, painful

Question 10

examples of effort justification

Answer 10

Aronson and Mills “initiation experiment”

sunk cost fallacy

Question 11

Self affirmation theory

Answer 11

when people experience threat to their self-image, they may restore their self-worth by affirming themselves in an unrelated domain

Question 12

Just world belief

Answer 12

JWB allow individuals to maintain a sense of purpose and control-bad things couldn’t happen to me

People have the desire to believe the world is orderly, predictable, people get what they deserve

Question 13

one consequence of just world belief

Answer 13

blaming victims

Question 14

Blaming the victim experiment

Answer 14

Participants watch another person experience misfortune or suffering

Restore justice (RJ) condition: Participants (or someone else) can help the victim
Participants were allowed to help victim overcome the challenge
JWB condition: participants (or someone else) cannot help the victim

RJ condition: positive evaluation of victim
JWB condition:derogation(blamed the victim of their misfortune) of victim
Less of a positive opinion of victim
When you help the victim you restore justice, fix the problem, when you cant help the victim your rationalize by thinking they deserved it anyways

Question 15

Victim blaming is less likely

Answer 15

If victim can be helped
Empathy
Fate similarity

Question 16

Who believes in a just world?

Answer 16

Individual differences in JWB

Internal locus of control (more FAE)

Inconclusive results with culture and religiosity

Question 17

System justification theory:

Answer 17

people are motivated to justify the broad socio-political system of which they are part; rationalizing injustice and inequality experienced by groups

Similar to JWB, except applied to group

Question 18

Human Sacrificial rituals (HSR) as system justification

Answer 18

Once society became hierarchical, if they became human sacrificial, then they were more likely to maintain the hierarchy

Question 19

3 components of attitude

Answer 19

affect,cognition,behavior

Question 20

measruemnt of attiudes

Answer 20

explicit vs implicit attiudes

Question 21

Hard to predict behavior from attitudes (txb)

Answer 21

Conflicts with other influences on behavior
Introspecting about reasons of our attitudes confuses our true feelings
Attitudes and targets at different levels of generality(specific vs general)

Question 22

Inconsistency produces dissonance when

Answer 22

1)perception of free choice, 2) insufficient justification, 3)negative consequences, 4)behavior is foreseeable