Chapter 9

Question 1

Polymers are?

Answer 1

Everywhere - each has a distinct physical property

Question 2

From what raw material are the building blocks (monomers) of polymers produced?

Answer 2

Crude oil

Question 3

can polymers be recycled?

Answer 3

Yes

Question 4

How much of our polymer products come from recycled resources?

Answer 4

• a very small amount that fluctuates a little bit yearly

Question 5

Example: limiting use of plastic bags - what are the political responses?

Answer 5

• may lead to having to pay for bags which could cause drama
• people become upset that they have to provide their own bags or pay for them

Question 6

Monomers

Answer 6

Are repeated units used to synthesize polymers

Question 7

Linear monomers are?

Answer 7

A straight chain, or branched out vs. circular

Question 8

what are the two types of polymers

Answer 8

• natural synthetic

Question 9

What can repeating glucose do

Answer 9

• can digest but we can’t use glucose connected like this

Question 10

The two types of polymer synthesis action

Answer 10

Addition and condition synthesizing

Question 11

Overall the amount of free radicals is what

Answer 11

• very small in comparison to the rest of the polymer, so it is generally omitted from the reaction equation

Question 12

If the product has an average molar mass of 400kg/mol, how many ethylene units were incorporates, on average, into each polymer?

Answer 12

C2H4: 2(12) x 4(1) = 28g/mol
400,000 g/mol / 28g/mol = 14,290 (This is a average)

Question 13

What is the difference between the length of polymers and how they break down

Answer 13

• the shorter the polymer the more potential that it can break up. The shorter polymers have less space available, and therefore have less potential for Vanderwal interactions
• the longer the polymers the more potential for vander whall interactions and the smaller the chance that it will break down.
• as the length of the polymer increase the effect of the strength needed to cold-stretch to the breaking point increases

Question 14

Why are proteins polymers

Answer 14

Proteins are polymers because they have repeating units, but none of the repeating units are identical
- amino acids are constantly with N-C-C
- they differ by: the side chains
- there are 20 possibilities of amino acid combinations
- they are always repeating structures

Question 15

What are the two factors that affect the physical properties of PE?

Answer 15

• the length of each polymer
• the branching of each polymer

Question 16

Addition polymerization
Condition polymerization

Answer 16

Addition - a type of polymerization in which monomers add to the growing chain in such a way that the polymer contains all the atoms of the monomer
Condensation - a type of polymerization in which small molecules such as water is split out (eliminated) when the monomers join to form a polymer

Question 17

thermoplastic polymers
Plasticizer
Blowing agent

Answer 17

• with heat they can be melted and reshaped repeatedly
• compounds that are added in small amounts to polymers to make them softer and more pliable
• either a gas or a substance capable of producing.a gas to manufacture a foamed plastic

Question 18

Copolymer
Amino acids
Polyamides
Peptide bond
Biomimetic materials

Answer 18

• a polymer formed by the combination of 2 or more different monomers
• monomers from which our body builds proteins
• condensation polymers that contain the amide functional group (-CONH2)
• the covalent bond that forms when the -COOH group of one amino acids reacts with the -NH2, of another, joining with 2 amino acids
• components for the use in human applications that are developed using inspiration from nature

Question 19

Municipal solid waste

Answer 19

Everything you discard or throw into your trash, including food scraps, grass clippings, and old applications

Question 20

Postconsumer content
Preconsumer content

Answer 20

Postconsumer - material that was previously used individually that otherwise would have been discarded as waste
Preconsumer - waste leftover from the manufacturing process itself, such as scraps and clippings

Question 21

Condensation polymerization

Answer 21

When two molecules/compounds join together and get added to water
- H2O is in the product and if you see it then it is condensation

Question 22

What is the difference between LDPE and HDPE

Answer 22

• LDPE is branching out, the number of the forces present is small, not very rigid, and is also easy to stretch or break
• HDPE is non-branching, the number of forces present is large, is very rigid, not very easy to stretch or break

Question 23

Plasticizer

Answer 23

• added to make the material more pliable by introducing more irregularity to it

Question 24

How to tell is something is ester

Answer 24

• when C is double and single bonded to O with a R and R’ group

Question 25

PETE

Answer 25

• polyethylene terephthalate ester
  
  • an alcohol that reacts with terephthalic acid (carboxylic acid) to yield an ester
  • the reaction of two components indicates a co-polymer that is formed by a condensation reaction

Question 26

What are the three ways to arrange PVC polymer? (Vinyl chloride polymerize)

Answer 26

• head to tail
• head to head, tail to tail
• random order (can occur in any way)

Question 27

The steps for amide and ester formation

Answer 27

1) R-O-H is alcohol
2) R’ -c(=O) - OH is carboxylic acid
3) alcohol will lose a proton
4) carboxylic acid with lose an OH
5) R - O^- will make a bond to the c=o
6) add H2O

Question 28

What functional groups are present in condensation polymerization?
What additional reactions are possible with each functional group, ethylene glycol, or terephthalic acid?

Answer 28

Alcohol, carboxylic acid
With another alcohol or carboxylic acid

Question 29

How to tell if something is a alcohol?

Answer 29

An alcohol is O-H

Question 30

How to tell if something is a carboxylic acid?

Answer 30

A Carbon double bonded to an Oxygen, and bonded to O-H